1. SECTION 1 THE STRUGGLE FOR POWER YOU NEED TO KNOW: A. WHY WAS THERE A STRUGGLE FOR POWER AFTER LENIN'S DEATH? B. THE CONTENDERS C.THE IDEOLOGICAL DIVISIONS WITHIN THE PARTY D. THE ALLIANCES AND FACTIONS 1924-1929 E. METHODS STALIN USES TO UNDERMINE POWER AND AUTHORITY OF HIS RIVALS EXAMPLE EXAM QUESTION: How far does Stalin’s position as General Secretary explain his success in defeating his rivals in the years 1924–29?(30 MARKS)

2. TROTSKY JEWISH 1905 REVOLUTION 1917 OCTOBER REVOLUTION ORATORY MASTERMINDED COMMUNIST SEIZURE OF POWER CONSOLIDATED COMMUNIST RULE RESTRUCTURED RED ARMY FROM 1917 WORKED CLOSELY WITH LENIN LENIN IN HIS TESTAMENT RECOGNISED TROTSKY'S ABILITY IN THE CENTRAL COMMITTEE BUT ALSO SAW HIM AS TOO SELF- CONFIDENT. LOYALTY OF RED ARMY BUT NOT POPULAR WITH ALL PARTY MEMBERS

3. STALIN JOINED THE PARTY IN 1902 IN TROUBLE WITH POLICE (RAIDING BANKS FOR MONEY FOR THE PARTY) ‏ ROLE IN OCTOBER REVOLUTION- INACTIVE. CARRIED OUT ORDERS, BUT DID NOT INITIATE ORDERS. WAS A MAMBER OF MANY SENIOR COMMITTEES LENIN CAME TO RELY ON STALIN'S ADMINISTRATIVE ABILITY AND LOYALTY BUT LENIN CRITICAL OF STALIN IN HIS TESTAMENT. POPULAR IN PARTY AS DUE TO HIS BUREAUCRATIC ROLE COULD PROMOTE PEOPLE. WAS NOT AS RADICAL AS TROTSKY

4. BUKHARIN JOINED THE PARTY IN 1906 REVOLUTIONARY- INVOLVED IN 1917 REVOLUTION. ACTIVE MEMBER. ADMIRED LENIN POPULAR PARTY MEMBER (POSSIBLY THE MOST POPULAR CONTENDER) ‏ IN HIS TESTAMENT LENIN PRAISED HIM AS AN ABLE FORCE, BUT HAD CONCERNS ABOUT HIS THEORETICAL VIEWS.

5. ZINOVIEV JOINED THE PARTY IN 1903 BECAME CLOSE TO LENIN WHILE LENIN WAS IN EXILE BUT HAD OPPOSED THE 1917 COUP LENIN ATTACKED HIS LACK OF REVOLUTIONARY ZEAL IN HIS TESTAMENT LEAST POPULAR CONTENDER- VANITY, AMBITION AND POLITICAL FAILINGS

6. KAMENEV ONLY WORKING CLASS CONTENDER ALONG WITH ZINOVIEV HAD OPPOSED THE OCTOBER REVOLUTION PLAYED NO NOTABLE PART IN THE CIVIL WAR IN TESTAMENT LENIN CRITICISED KAMENEV FOR NOT SUPPORTING THE REVOLUTION INTELLECTUAL, NOT A LEADER. HAD A REPUTATION FOR COMPROMISE AND BACKING DOWN WHEN MET WITH OPPOSITION

7. THE POWERBASES OF THE CONTENDERS PARTY POSITIONS ALL HAD A SEAT ON THE POLITBURO KAMENEV CHAIRMAN OF CENTRAL COMMITTEE STALIN-GENERAL SECRETARY- PARTY BUREAUCRACY (INTERPRETED POLITBURO DECISIONS). ROLE CARRIED PATRONAGE. LENIN ENROLMENT STALIN ALSO HEAD OF CENTRAL CONTROL COMMISSION- ERADICATE CORRUPTION. USED THIS TO EXPEL PARTYB MEMBERS ON CHARGE OF “DISLOYALTY” BUKHARIN- NEWSPAPERS, INFLUENCE ON PARTY OPINION MASSIVE. GOVERNMENT POSITIONS TROTSKY- HEAD OF RED ARMY STALIN-COMMISSAR FOR NATIONALITIES- OVERSSEING ALL NON-RUSSIANS, 50% OF THE POPULATION. ALSO COMMISSAR OF THE WORKERS AND PEASANTS INSPECTORATE- ROOTING OUT CORRUPTION (PATRONAGE) CONCLUSION: AT THIS STAGE FEW IN THE PARTY RECOGNISED STALIN'S INFLUENCE

8. IDEOLOGICAL CONFLICT LEFT REJECTED THE NEP (FELT IT FAVOURED THE PEASANTS, BETRAYAL OF THE REVOLUTION) ‏ WANTED IMMEDIATE INDUSTRIALISATION PERMANENT REVOLUTION= WANTED TO SPREAD REVOLUTION ACROSS EUROPE) ‏ TROTSKY RIGHT ACCEPTED THE NEP COMMITTED TO INDUSTRIALISATION... BUT IN THE DISTANT FUTURE SOCIALISM IN ONE COUNTRY (BELIEVED RUSSIA DID NOT NEED OTHER NATIONS- NATIONALIST AND POPULAR IDEA) BUKHARIN ZINOVIEV AND KAMENEV (BUT SWITCHED TO LEFT OF PARTY IN 1925 AND LST CREDIBILITY) ‏ CENTRE PRAGMATIC- COMMITMENT TO THE NEP INDUSTRIALISATION IN THE NEAR FUTURE SOCIALISM IN ONE COUNTRY STALIN CONCLUSION: EACH CONTENDER HAD TO PROVE THEY WERE A TRUE LENINIST STALIN- STRONG POSITION IN IDEOLOGICAL CENTRE OF THE PARTY

9. THE LEADERSHIP STRUGGLE THE TRIUMVIRATE-1923. AIM- TO KEEP TROTSKY OUT OF POWER. ZINOVIEV, KAMENEV AND STALIN. THEY QUESTIONNED HIS LOYALTY TO LENIN, THEY CHALLENGED HIS IDEOLOGICAL STANCE AND THEY DENIED HIM THE POWER OF THE PARTY. THIS STOPPED TROTSKY CONTROLLING THE POLITBURO. THE TESTAMENT WAS SUPPRESSED- ZINOVIEV AND KAMENEV DEFENDED STALIN AND THE CENTRAL COMMITTEE FOLLOWED. STALIN DID NOT LOSE HIS JOB AS THE TESTAMENT URGED. IT WAS FELT TESTAMENT WOULD UNDERMINE AUTHORITY OF GOVERNMENT (IT CRITICISED MANY LEADING MEMBERS). STALIN CONTROLLED ATTENDANCE AT PARTY CONGRESS- CHOSE CANDIDATES TO SEND RATHER THAN ALLOWING LOCAL PARTIES TO CHOOSE WHO THEY SENT. THIS MEANT WHEN THE PARTY ELECTED THE CENTRAL COMMITTEE, STALIN HAD POWER OVER WHO WAS ELECTED. TROTSKY- DID NOT MAKE ALLIANCES, NEGLECTED MEETINGS, POOR HEALTH. DID NOT ATTEND LENIN'S FUNERAL. THIS ALLOWED TRIUMVIRATE TO ATTACK HIM. THEY ALSO POINTED TO DISAGREEMENTS BETWEEN TROTSKY AND LENIN AS EVIDENCE OF DISLOYALTY. ACCUSED OF FACTIONALISM AT PARTY CONGRESS IN 1924.

10. THE LEADERSHIP STRUGGLE TRIUMVITATE SPLIT- WHY? STALIN “SOCIALISM IN ONE COUNTRY” IDEA WAS NOT SUPPORTED BY ZINOVIEV AND KAMENEV. NO LONGER HAD ENEMY OF TROTSKY TO UNITE THEM IN A CAUSE. STALIN NOW UNITED WITH BUKHARIN (DUUMVIRATE)- WHY?- BUKHARIN CONTROLLED MEDIA AND WAS A THEORIST. TOGETHER THEY WOULD BE ABLE TO CONTROL POLITICAL LIFE. BOTH SUPPORTED SOCIALISM IN ONE COUNTRY IDEA. THE NEW OPPOSTION FORMED (TROTSKY, ZINOVIEV AND KAMENEV). BUT NO MATCH FOR THE FORCE OF BUKHARIN AND STALIN. STALIN USED HIS ROLE AS GENERAL SECRETARY TO CONTROL THE 14TH PARTY CONGRESS. ZINOVIEV AND KAMENEV LOST THEIR SEATS IN POLITBURO. I 1925 TROTSKY FORCED TO RESIGN AS HEAD OF RED ARMY. THE FOOD CRISIS IN 1926-1927 GAVE THE UNITED OPPOSITION (ZINOVIEV, KAMENEV AND TROTSKY) ANOTHER CHANCE- BUT IN 1927 AT THE 15TH PARTY CONGRESS ALL 3 WERE EXPELLED FROM THE PARTY. STALIN HAD PACKED CONGRESS WITH LOYAL SUPPORTERS. ZINOVIEV AND KAMENEV CHOSE TO PUBLICLY APOLOGISE FOR THEIR “IEDOLOGICAL CRIMES” AND WERE READMITTED INTO PARTY- BUT AUTHORITY SHATTERED. TROTSKY REFUSED AND WAS SENT INTO EXILE.

11. THE LEADERSHIP STRUGGLE THE RIGHT OPPOSITION: IN 1928 STALIN REJECTED THE NEP AND THUS ENDED HIS ALLIANCE WITH BUKHARIN. BUKHARIN- HAD CONTROL OF MEDIA AND EDUCATION AND A PARTY FAVOURITE. HAD SUPPORT OF TOMSKY AND RYKOV (TWO SENIOR MEMBERS). STALIN “COMRADE CARD INDEX”- IN COMPARISON STALIN LACKED DISTINCTION STALIN WAS PRAGMATIC, ONCE NEP STARTED FAILING, TACTICAL, NOW GAINED LEFT SUPPORTERS, NOW APPEALED TO COMMUNISTS WHO DID NOT SUPPORT THE NEP. STALIN- COULD MANIPULATE APPOINTMENTS AND PROMOTIONS WITHIN THE PARTY. HE COULD FILL PARTY CONGRESS WITH HIS SUPPORTERS. AS NEP CONTINUED TO FAIL BUKHARIN'S REPUTATION AS A GREAT THEORIST FELL INTO DECLINE. STALIN'S IDEOLOGICAL REPUTATION GREW. STALIN REFERRED TO BUKHARINS DISAGREEMENTS WITH LENIN. STALIN TOOK ACTIONS TO UNDERMINE BUKHARIN 1929: EXPELLED FROM POLITBURO

12. STALIN'S METHODS SUMMARY FORMED ALLIANCES BREAKS ALLIANCES (AT CORRECT POINT) ‏ KEEPS LENIN'S TESTAMENT SECRET PREVENTS OPPONENTS FROM ATTENDING IMPORTANT EVENTS MAKES ACCUSATIONS OF DISLOYALTY TO LENIN INITIATES THE LENIN ENROLMENT FILLS THE PARTY CONGRESS WITH HIS OWN SUPPORTERS GIVES A PASSIONATE SPEECH AT LENIN'S FUNERAL MAKES ACCUSATIONS OF FACTIONALISM SUPPORTS THE NEP/ REJECTS THE NEP (PRAGMATIC POLICY) ‏ DEVELOPS DOCTRINE “SOCIALISM IN ONE COUNTRY” REMOVES OPPONENTS FROM IMPORTANT POSITIONS WITHIN THE PARTY MAKES ACCUSATIONS OF “TROTSKYISM” EXPELS OPPONENTS FROM COMMUNIST PARTY MANIPULATES APPOINTMENTS WITHIN THE PARTY FORCES OPPONENTS TO ADMIT “ERRORS”