1. Principles of Chemistry Design for Energy Efficiency Salome Escobar-Chaffee Devon Villacampa

2. How is Energy Used? Energy generation and consumption has been known to play a factor in major environmental effects in which the chemical industry plays a major role in On a daily basis we are dealing with reactions that require energy. Every second of the day we are consuming energy, a process that at times is not efficient If the starting material and reagents dissolve well in a particular solvent, that reaction mixture has then simply been heated to reflux for the allotted time or until the reaction is incomplete. (pg. 43) Engineering plays a major role in factoring energy and thermal requirements in order to make the process more efficient. Chemistry and chemical transformations MUST capture and convert substances into energy as well as re-use existing substances and convert them into usable energy. http://www.epa.gov/energy/end-users-electricity

3. Accelerating Reactions with Heat Where a reaction is being driven to its thermodynamic product, it is often the case that this will be accomplished through the use of thermal energy Utilized to overcome any energy of activation that needs to be traversed in order to bring the reaction to completion An advantage of a catalyst is that by lowering the energy of activation needed to accomplish a particular reaction type, the amount of thermal energy that is necessary to accomplish a transformation is minimized

4. Controlling Reactivity through Cooling Extensive cooling is used, in some cases, when reactions are exothermic Exothermic: (of a reaction or process) accompanied by the release of heat. (of a compound) formed from its constituent elements with a net release of heat. This thermal manner of controlling the rate of the reaction is often necessary to study reactions that take place in microseconds. In chemical manufacturing, slowing the rate through cooling is sometimes necessary in order to prevent any chance of having a ‘runaway’ or uncontrolled reaction. Costs, both environmentally and monetary, are incurred with cooling as much as they are with heating.

5. Separation Energy Requirements Purification and separation process- One of the most energy intensive processes in the chemistry industry. Whether purification/separation be carried out through distillation, re-crystallization, or ultra- filtration, energy will be expended in order to secure the separation of product through impurity. The chemist, by designing a process that minimizes the need for separations, [he] is also insuring that there will not be a great deal of energy, either thermal, electric, or of other forms that will be necessary in order to obtain the product.

6. Microwaves The use of microwave energy is a technique that is being utilized in order to effect chemical transformations rapidly, and often in the solid state, that have classically been conducted in liquid solutions. Microwave techniques have shown distinct advantages in not requiring prolonged heating in order to carry out a reaction. In addition, reactions performed in a solid state also obviate the need for additional heating of the auxiliary solvent that is required to carry out the solution. (pg. 44)

7. Sonic Transformation types such as cycloadditions and pericyclic reactions have been studied for their ability to be catalyzed by the use of ultrasonic energy in a sonicator. A cycloaddition is a pericyclic chemical reaction, in which "two or more unsaturated molecules (or parts of the same molecule) combine with the formation of a cyclic adduct in which there is a net reduction of the bond multiplicity." The resulting reaction is a cyclization reaction. In organic chemistry, a pericyclic reaction is a type of organic reaction wherein the transition state of the molecule has a cyclic geometry, and the reaction progresses in a concerted fashion. Pericyclic reactions are usually rearrangement reactions. Like any other form of energy, sonic energy would need to be evaluated for each reaction to see if it is more efficient in accomplishing its synthetic target.

8. Optimizing the reaction, minimizing the energy requirements To ‘optimize’ a reaction or entire synthetic pathway after it has been proven that it works, is a goal of most chemists. Optimization: a euphemism for striving to increase the yield or the percentage conversion of the reaction from starting materials to product It is left to the process engineer to balance the energy requirements-in the case of the hazardous substances and hazardous waste used and generated by a reaction scheme, the chemist designing the reaction has the greatest effect on what the energy requirements for a given synthesis or manufacturing process are. (pg. 45) While these requirements can be adjusted (optimized) it is ONLY through the design of the reaction system that the inherent energy requirements can be fundamentally changed Therefore, chemists should include the energy requirements of all carious stages of the synthetic process into their evaluation process, and their end goal is to minimize them.