1. Social Effects of Industrialization AND The Industrial Revolution

2. UrbanizationFamily Dynamics Social Stratification Labor vs. Capital

3. URBANIZATION People moved from the rural areas to the cities to work in factories…the largest population transfer in human history Birth of factory towns and industrial centers (Manchester) 1785 – 3 British cities with more than 50K people 1820 – 31 British cities with more than 50K people

7. FAMILY DYNAMICS Cottage-industry model: family was economic unit Work taken out of the home and into the factories during the Industrial Revolution As factory wages for skilled adult males rose, women and children were separated from the workplace Gender-determined roles at home and domestic life emerged slowly Married women expected to work inside of the home Single women/widows had to support themselves…took jobs that were unskilled and had poor wages

8. SOCIAL STRATIFICATION Clergy and nobility are now irrelevant Bourgeoisie Upper bourgeoisie – bankers, merchants, and industrialists Began to imitate some of the old aristocracy with their lifestyle Petite bourgeoisie – small industrialists, professional men

9. SOCIAL STRATIFICATION Proletariat (the working class) Earns a wage and lives in poor housing in the cities Many are poor peasants who migrated to the cities Poor working conditions Long hours in factories, brutal and unsafe conditions Poorhouses opened to care for the unemployed

10. LABOR VS. CAPITAL Long-term – Industrial Revolution a GOOD thing for workers and ordinary families Positives Cheaper high-quality goods available in larger supplies Wages rose by 50% between 1820 and 1850 Negatives Housing remained poor Workers did not share in the massive wealth produced

11. LABOR VS. CAPITAL Luddites Violent group of workers who blamed industrialism for threatening their jobs Attacked factories and destroyed machines

12. LABOR VS. CAPITAL Unions were formed to resist exploitation of the proletariat by business owners Combination Acts (1799) outlawed unions…repealed in 1824 Chartists looked to bring more political rights for workers in the English Parliament BOTTOM LINE – unions slowly gained rights for workers throughout the course of the early 19 th century