1. Elsevier Science (USA) items and derived items copyright © 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. Reviewing the Literature Prepare by :Dr/Amira Yahia

2. Elsevier Science (USA) items and derived items copyright © 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. Review of the available literature Why do we review Lit.? 1. Prevents duplication 2. Assist in refining statement of the problem 3. Strengthening the argument of selection of a research topic (Justification ) 4. It helps to get familiar with various types of methodology that might be used in your study (Design)

3. Elsevier Science (USA) items and derived items copyright © 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. PURPOSES OF A LITERATURE REVIEW Identification of a research problem and development or refinement of research questions or hypotheses Orientation to what is known and not known about an area of inquiry. Determination of any gaps or inconsistencies in a body of research

4. Elsevier Science (USA) items and derived items copyright © 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. Determination of a need to replicate a prior study in a different setting Identification or development of new or refined clinical interventions to test through empirical research Identification of relevant theoretical or conceptual frameworks for a research problem

5. Elsevier Science (USA) items and derived items copyright © 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. Identification of suitable designs and data collection methods for a study For those developing research proposals for funding, identification of experts in the field who could be used as consultants Assistance in interpreting study findings and in developing implications and recommendations

6. Elsevier Science (USA) items and derived items copyright © 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. SCOPE OF A LITERATURE SEARCH The appropriateness of a reference concerns both its content (i.e., its relevance to the topic of the review) and the nature of the information it contains. The most important type of information for a research review are findings from empirical investigations.

7. Elsevier Science (USA) items and derived items copyright © 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. Cont….. Cumulatively, research reports sum up what is known on a topic, but the information from such reports is of greatest value when the findings are integrated in a critical synthesis.

8. Elsevier Science (USA) items and derived items copyright © 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. Source of information -Articles -Books - Indexes - Abstracts from journals - International organization documents e.g. (WHO,UNICEF)

9. Elsevier Science (USA) items and derived items copyright © 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. Source of information- cont. - Reports from MOH facilities -Vital statistics -Census -Surveillance system - Surveys -Computer search for internationalLiterature -Opinions, beliefs of key persons(Through interview)

10. Elsevier Science (USA) items and derived items copyright © 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. Examples of primary and secondary sources: Secondary source, a review of the literature on patient experiences in the ICU: Stein- Parbury, J. & McKinley, S. (2000). Patients’ experiences of being in an intensive care unit: A select literature review. American Journal of Critical Care, 9, 20–27.

11. Elsevier Science (USA) items and derived items copyright © 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. Cont…. Primary source, an original qualitative study on patient experiences in the ICU: Hupcey, J. E. (2000). Feeling safe: The psychosocial needs of ICU patients. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 32, 361–367.

12. Elsevier Science (USA) items and derived items copyright © 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. The major types of research reviews include the following: 1- A review included in a research report. Research reports published in journals usually include brief literature reviews in their introductions. These reviews have two major goals: to provide readers with a quick overview of the state of knowledge on the research problem being addressed. to document the need for the new study an demonstrate how it will contribute to existing evidence.

13. Elsevier Science (USA) items and derived items copyright © 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. 2- A review included in a research proposal. Research proposals designed to persuade funders (or advisors) about the facts of a proposed study. 3-A review in a thesis or dissertation. Doctoral dissertations often include a thorough review covering materials directly and indirectly related to the problem area.

14. Elsevier Science (USA) items and derived items copyright © 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. 4-Free-standing literature reviews. Increasingly, nurses are preparing literature reviews that critically appraise and summarize a body of research on a topic, and such reviews play a powerful role in the development of an evidence based practice.

15. Elsevier Science (USA) items and derived items copyright © 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. Electronic Literature Searches Currently, the most widely used service providers for accessing bibliographic files are the following: Aries Knowledge Finder (www.ariessys.com) Ebsco Information Services (www.ebsco.com) Ovid Technologies (www.ovid.com) PaperChase (www.paperchase.com) SilverPlatter Information (www.silverplatter.com)

16. Elsevier Science (USA) items and derived items copyright © 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. Key Electronic Databases for Nurse Researchers The two electronic databases that are most likely to be useful to nurse researchers are CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature) and MEDLINE® (Medical Literature On-Line). Other potentially useful bibliographic databases for nurse researchers include:

17. Elsevier Science (USA) items and derived items copyright © 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. AIDSLINE (AIDS Information On-Line) CancerLit (Cancer Literature) CHID (Combined Health Information Database) EMBASE (the Excerpta Medica database) ETOH (Alcohol and Alcohol Problems Science Database)

18. Elsevier Science (USA) items and derived items copyright © 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. Cont….. HealthSTAR (Health Services, Technology, Administration, and Research) PsycINFO (Psychology Information) Rndex (Nursing and managed care database)

19. Elsevier Science (USA) items and derived items copyright © 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. What type of study was conducted? What was the setting for the study? Were the steps for the research process clearly identified? Were any of the steps missing? Did the steps of the study logically link together? Initial Research Report Critique

20. Elsevier Science (USA) items and derived items copyright © 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. How to write lit review? - Use index cards - Write in your own language.

21. Elsevier Science (USA) items and derived items copyright © 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. Bias in literature review -The presentation of the available information in such away that it reflects opinions or conclusions that does not represent the real situation - Restricting references to those that support the point of view of the author. -Drawing far reach conclusions from shaky or Preliminary results

22. Elsevier Science (USA) items and derived items copyright © 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. Ethical considerations in lit. Review - Bias - Careless presentation and interpretation of data Put researcher on the wrong way - Loss of resources. - Wrong decisions

23. Elsevier Science (USA) items and derived items copyright © 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. How to write References 1/ From journals: Author (s). Article. Journal. Year; Volume: Pages (Author : Surname followed by initial).

24. Elsevier Science (USA) items and derived items copyright © 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. How to write References 2/ From a book Author. Title of the book. Edition. Place: Publisher, Year: Pages. 3/ From a chapter in a book Author (s). Chapter title, In: Editors of the book. Edition. Title of the book. Place. Publisher, Year: Pages

25. Elsevier Science (USA) items and derived items copyright © 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.