2. Where is energy stored in biomolecules like sugars, carbs, lipids, etc. In the bonds between the atoms

3. How do living things access and convert the energy stored in biomolecules? Break existing bonds and form new ones

4. What is the name for the series of reactions that converts the stored energy in biomolecules into molecules of ATP? Cellular Respiration

5. What is the first stage of cellular respiration? Where does this step occur? Is this aerobic or anaerobic? What are the products of this step? What is the net production of ATP in this step? Glycolysis Cytoplasm Anaerobic ATP, NADH, and 2 3-C Pyruvate molecules 2 ATP’s

6. If oxygen is available where do the pyruvates go? Mitochondria

7. Diagram and describe the events of the prep step (pyruvate conversion) 2 3-C pyruvate molecules are converted to 2 2-C acetate molecules with the production of 2 molecules of NADH and 2 molecules of CO 2

8. Diagram the events of the Kreb’s Cycle indicating the number of NADH, FADH2, ATP, and CO2 molecules produced 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP, 4 CO2

9. What is the significance of the four CO2 molecules produced in the Kreb’s Cycle? The four carbons in the four CO2 molecules plus the two carbons in the two CO2 molecules from the prep step are evidence that the initial six carbon sugar molecule is completely broken down

10. Describe what is meant by the electron transport chain and its location in the mitochondria Series of protein molecules embedded on the inner membrane of the mitochondria that each have a successively high attraction for electrons than the previous one.

11. What is the source of electrons to the electron transport chain? The co-enzymes NADH and FADH2

12. Everytime an electron is accepted and released by a protein in the electron transport chain a redox reaction that releases a small amount of energy used to do what? Actively transport a H+ ion from the matrix into the outer compartment

13. Where do H+ ions become highly concentrated? Are these ions freely permeable to the membrane? By what means can they diffuse down their gradient? Outer compartment No Through ATP Synthase transport proteins

14. Is the diffusion of H+ ions energy releasing or energy requiring? Is the formation of ATP from ADP energy releasing or energy requiring? Link these two statements in explaining the formation of ATP. Releasing Requiring The energy released the diffusion of H+ is used to form ATP.

15. How many ATP molecules can be created from the electrons delivered by NADH? How many ATP molecules can be created from the electrons delivered by FADH2? 3/NADH 2/FADH2

16. What serves as the final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration? What happens to pyruvates if oxygen is not available? Oxygen Pyruvates stay in cytoplasm and participate in Lactic Acid Fermentation pathways

17. Diagram the lactic acid anaerobic respiration pathway that occurs in animals 2 3-C Pyruvates-->2 3-C Lactic Acid 2 NAD+ molecules are produced in this step

18. What products from lactic acid fermentation are re-cycled in the respiration pathways? NAD+ to re-start glycolysis

19. How many ATP molecules per glucose are formed in lactic acid fermentation? 2 ATP’s/glucose