1. History 102SY The United States and the Middle East 1900 to the Present

2. Media Portrayals of the Middle East, 1970s-1990s

3. The Rise and Fall of the Oslo Peace Process

4. February 1991—Coalition launched ground war against Iraqi forces

5. Iraqi forces quickly capitulated

6. March 1991—Two separate Iraqi rebellions, by Shia in south and Kurds in north, broke out

7. Saddam crushed both rebellions, creating huge refugee crisis

8. US military declared “no-fly” zones in northern and southern Iraq, creating safe havens for Kurds and Shia, respectively

9. Saddam Hussein remained in power in Baghdad

10. Media Portrayals of the Middle East, 1970s-1990s

11. Orientalist themes in American popular culture 1921

12. For decades prior to the 1970s, there had been a romantic tradition in Orientalist depictions of the ME 1926

13. For decades prior to the 1970s, there had been a romantic tradition in Orientalist depictions of the ME 1921

14. For decades prior to the 1970s, there had been a romantic tradition in Orientalist depictions of the ME 1921

15. Mid-1970s—romantic tradition gave way to more hostile portrayals of Arabs and Muslims, stressing violence, terrorism, obscene oil wealth, etc 1975

16. Mid-1970s—romantic tradition gave way to more hostile portrayals of Arabs and Muslims, stressing violence, terrorism, obscene oil wealth, etc 1976

17. Mid-1970s—romantic tradition gave way to more hostile portrayals of Arabs and Muslims, stressing violence, terrorism, obscene oil wealth, etc 1977

18. 1986

19. 1992 1990s—Situ became more complex: negative portrayals continued, but Arab Americans sometimes succeeded in pressuring media outlets to soften portrayals

21. 1994

22. Mid-1990s—Some speculation about ME terrorism turned out to be false, encouraging more caution Oklahoma City bombing, 1995 Timothy McVeigh

23. Mid-1990s—Some speculation about ME terrorism turned out to be false, encouraging more caution Crash of TWA 800, 1996

24. Late 1990s—Some mainstream movies presented more complex and human ME characters and situations 1998

25. Late 1990s—Some mainstream movies presented more complex and human ME characters and situations 1999

26. Late 1990s—Some mainstream movies presented more complex and human ME characters and situations 1999Jack Shaheen

27. The Rise and Fall of the Oslo Peace Process

28. Israeli occupation of West Bank and Gaza Strip

29. Late 1980s-early 1990s— Palestinians in West Bank and Gaza Strip mounted Intifada (uprising) against Israeli occupation

30. During prelude to first Gulf War, Saddam Hussein offered to withdraw from Kuwait if Israel withdrew from Arab territories taken in 1967; offer generated enthusiasm in Arab world

31. President George H.W. Bush refused any quid pro quo but made vague commitment to address Arab-Israeli dispute after Iraq was ousted from Kuwait

32. Arafat’s and the PLO’s vulnerabilities by the early 1990s: Dwindling support from the Arab world Loss of Soviet patronage

33. Growing pressure on Israel to change status quo in occupied territories Israeli women protesting the Occupation, Tel Aviv, 1988

34. October 1991—Bush and Mikhail Gorbachev hosted Middle East peace conference in Madrid; talks soon bogged down

35. 1991-1992—Bush refused request of Israeli prime minister Yitzhak Shamir (Likud) for $10 billion loan guarantee, on grounds that some of the money would be used to build Jewish settlements in West Bank and Gaza

36. Summer 1992—Yitzhak Rabin (Labor) became Israel’s prime minister and pledged to stop building new settlements, but number of settlers continued to rise

37. Bill Clinton vs. George H. W. Bush, 1992

38. Clinton and Israel With Yitzhak Rabin

39. Summer 1993—Israeli and PLO officials met secretly in Oslo, Norway, and worked out general formula for resolving dispute: Israel would withdraw from small part of occupied territories, which Palestinians would govern; later negotiation would resolve “final status” of territories

40. September 1993—Yitzhak Rabin and Yasser Arafat sealed agreement with handshake on White House lawn

41. Palestinian critiques of Oslo Secular nationalist (Edward Said) Islamist (Hamas)

42. November 1995— Rabin assassinated by right-wing Israeli fanatic

43. By 2000 Israel had withdrawn from about 40% of occupied territories and evacuated most Palestinian population areas

44. But Israel continued to populate territories with Jewish settlers against will of Palestinians

45. July 2000-January 2001—In series of negotiations moderated by Clinton, Palestinians and Israelis narrowed their differences but ultimately failed to reach agreement Arafat and Israeli PM Ehud Barak

46. Israeli proposal Palestinian proposal Solid blue: areas to be annexed by Israel

48. September 2000—Ariel Sharon made provocative visit to Temple Mount in East Jerusalem, sparking Palestinian protests, which Israeli forces violently put down

49. Second Palestinian Intifada erupted in occupied territories; Israelis and Palestinians turned increasingly toward violence

50. February 2001— Ariel Sharon elected PM of Israel