2. Congress freed the slaves but they failed to ensure their freedoms.

4. Eisenhower 1953-61 Kennedy 1961-63 L. Johnson 1963-69

5. After the slaves were freed, most African Americans became “tenant farmers’’ and “sharecroppers” to rent and share the land of wealthier whites.

6. After Reconstruction, many Southern state governments passed “Jim Crow” laws forcing the separation of the races in public places (segregation).

7. “Jim Crow” laws were laws that legally segregated African Americans and prevented them from voting, going to white schools, riding in white trains, etc. Remember, Jim Crow laws segregated white society and black society. Some African Americans sued, claiming that segregation was unconstitutional.

8. Despite being freed from slavery, African Americans were still tied to the white power structure and had little options for earning money. Without federal protection, emancipation resulted in a new kind of slavery. =

9. Plessy vs. Ferguson (1896) (separate but equal=constitutional) overturned by Brown vs. Board of Education (1954) (separate but equal= UNconstitutional)

10. African Americans said that segregation was a violation of the 14 th Amendment. Plessy v. Ferguson went to the Supreme Court.

11. This case said that segregation of the races in public accommodations and institutions was legal. This continued inequality would eventually lead to the Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 60s.

12. (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People): This organization sought change mainly through the courts

13. Peaks Elementary School for Blacks (Prince Edward County, VA)

20. NAACP lawyers argued that segregated schools were unequal and unfair Attorney Thurgood Marshall led the NAACP legal defense team.

21. The Brown decision also included a case from Virginia. Oliver Hill led the NAACP legal defense team in Virginia

22. This supreme court case overturned Plessy vs. Ferguson and forced schools to integrate. It also made segregation of all public facilities illegal.

23. Many states ignored this new law (including Virginia).

24. Most resistance to integration occurred in the Southeast.

25. In Little Rock, Arkansas, the Governor used the state National Guard to prevent black students from entering white schools.

26. President Eisenhower sent the US Army to force the school to integrate.

27. Massive public resistance – The state even closed public schools for over a year. Many private academies were established for whites only. This caused “White Flight” from urban school systems.

28. Rosa Parks refused to give a bus seat to a white person in Montgomery, Alabama and was jailed.

29. African Americans organized a massive boycott of the city buses This protest lasted over a year. Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. organized this protest.

30. The Supreme Court ruled that bus segregation was illegal.

31. After the bus boycott, Rev. / Dr. King became the leader of the Civil Rights Movement. Rev. / Dr. King taught “non-violent protest”.

32. Black and White civil rights activists would ride buses together though the South as a form of protest. Many buses were attacked in the deep South.

34. Sit-ins were designed to integrate public facilities. Many of these places were reserved for “whites only”

35. In Greensboro, North Carolina three Black college students took a stand and went to a Woolworth’s lunch counter. All of them were arrested. This sparked a wave of sit-ins across the South.

37. The most famous march took place in Birmingham, Alabama.

38. “ Bull” Connor was the racist police commissioner of Birmingham. He attacked protesters with fire hoses, tear gas, and attack dogs.

39. MLK Jr. organized the march. MLK Jr. chose Birmingham because it was one of most racist cities in the South.

44. Over 200,000 blacks and whites marched on the nation’s capital to protest. MLK delivered the famous “I Have a Dream Speech”.

45. This demonstration was televised and many more Americans began to support more Civil Rights laws after this event. The march demonstrated the power of non-violent, mass protest.

46. Prohibited discrimination based on race, religion, national origin, and gender. It also made it a national law to desegregate all public facilities (hotels, trains, restaurants, etc).

48. This act outlawed literacy tests to vote (Jim Crow laws) Federal officers were sent to the South to register voters.

49. This resulted in dramatic increases in African American voters.

50. Pres. Lyndon B. Johnson (LBJ) played an important role in passage of both of these civil rights laws.

52. He taught self- defense, violent protest, and segregation.

53. He later admitted that he was wrong and said that the hatred of white people was wrong. He was assassinated in 1965 by radical Islamic Blacks.

55. The membership of the Court has come to include women and minorities such as Sandra Day O’Conner, Ruth Bader Ginsberg, and Clarence Thomas.

56. The Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 1960s provided a model that other groups have used to extend civil rights and promote equal justice.

57. The Supreme Court protects the individual rights enumerated in the Constitution. (“Enumerated" rights are expressly written into the Constitution. Some, but not all of these rights have been incorporated by the 14th Amendment.)

58. The Supreme Court identifies a constitutional basis for a right to privacy that is protected from government interference.

59. The Supreme Court invalidates (declares unconstitutional) legislative acts and executive actions that the justices agree exceed the authority granted to government officials by the Constitution.

60.  Immigration to the US has increased from many diverse countries, especially Asian and Latin American countries.  Reasons: political freedom and economic opportunity.

61.  Strain on government services.  Bilingual education / English as a Second Language (ESOL) courses.  Filling low-paying jobs.  Border issues.

62.  Pathway to citizenship.  Increasing cultural diversity.

63.  Diversity of ethnic food, music, literature, and the arts.  Achievements in science, engineering, and other fields.

64. 

65.  1957 – The Soviets put Sputnik in space.  Early 1960s: President John F. Kennedy pledged increased support for the American space program.  Race to the moon throughout the 1960s  Feb. 1962 – Astronaut John Glenn orbits earth three times.

66.  1969 – US lands on the moon. Neil Armstrong is the first person to step onto the surface. He proclaimed: “That’s one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind.”

67. Sally Ride was the first female American astronaut.

68.  Over the past three decades, improved technology and media have brought better access to communication and information for businesses and individuals in both urban and rural areas.  More Americans have access to global information and viewpoints

69. Space Exploration: - Space Shuttle - Mars Rover - Voyager Missions - Hubble Telescope

70. Communications: - Satellites - Personal computers and Communications devices - World Wide Web / Internet - Global Positioning Systems (GPS) Robotics

71.  Telecommunicating  Distance learning / On-line course work.  Growth in service industry jobs.

72.  Breakthroughs in medical research, including improved medical diagnostic and imagining technologies.  Outsourcing and off- shoring.

73.  President Ronald Reagan and conservative Republicans advocated for: - Tax cuts. - Transfer of responsibilities to state governments. - Appointment of judges / justices who exercised “judicial restraint”. - Reduction in the number and scope of government programs and regulations. - Strengthening of the American military.

74. The “Reagan Revolution” extended beyond his tenure in office with the election of his vice president George H.W. Bush as his successor and the subsequent election of a centrist Democrat, William J. Clinton.

75. The “Reagan Revolution” also extended beyond his tenure in office with the Republican sweep of congressional elections and statehouses in the 1990s and the election of George W. Bush as President in 2000.

76. Government promotes a healthy economy characterized by full employment and low inflation through the actions of the Federal Reserve: Monetary policy decisions control the supply of money and credit to expand or contract economic growth. the president and Congress: Fiscal policy decisions determine levels of government taxation and spending; government regulates the economy.

77. United States Responses to Terrorism Heightened security at home (Patriot Act) Diplomatic and military initiatives