1. U.S. History Vocabulary by Unit

2. Unit 1 Vocabulary

3. Southern Colonies Relied on agriculture due to warmer climate and fertile soil Relied on indentured servants then slaves for labor to produce cash crops

4. Middle Colonies Economy was a mixture of agriculture and trade More tolerant and diverse than New England

5. New England Economy relied mostly on trade and shipping Colonists located on coastal regions and rivers benefitted from being centers of trade and transportation

6. Virginia Company Joint-stock company that provided the funding for the colony of Jamestown Investors hoped settlers would find gold and earn profits for them

7. Tobacco Cultivation John Rolfe introduced a new strain of tobacco that grew well in Virginia Tobacco became a cash crop and saved Jamestown

8. Powhatan The Native American group living in the Jamestown area They were often in conflict with the English settlers over land

9. House of Burgesses Legislative body in Virginia First example of representative government in the American colonies, will become an example for democratic tradition in America

10. Bacon’s Rebellion Nathaniel Bacon and poor farmers rebel against the wealthy landowners and government in Jamestown Reflects the American ideal that not only the elite should have a say in the government, and also led to increase in slavery over indentured servants

11. Development of Slavery At first, the labor force was made up mostly of indentured servants who worked for a period of 5 years before gaining freedom Tobacco becoming a cash crop and tensions from Bacon’s Rebellion led to plantation owners using slaves instead

12. Religious Reasons for Settlement of New England Pilgrims came to Plymouth colony to separate from the Anglican Church. They wrote the Mayflower Compact Puritans settled in Massachusetts Bay colony and wanted to purify the Anglican Church.

13. King Phillip’s War Colonists in New England were in conflict with Native Americans over land. Metacom (King Phillip) went to war with the colonists to try to stop it. Colonists win. Metacom’s defeat by the English colonists marked the end of Native American resistance in the region.

14. Government in New England The Puritan church controlled much of the government in Massachusetts Bay The legislature in Mass. Bay was called the General Court Town meetings were also common – locals would meet to discuss issues and vote Citizens who were male and church members had a say in government

15. Religious Tensions in New England Roger Williams was banished from Mass. Bay because he believed it was wrong to take land from the Indians He founded Rhode Island and guaranteed separation of Church and state and religious freedom Anne Hutchinson fled to RI when she was banished for leading bible studies

16. Half-way covenant Gave partial membership to descendants of church members without a conversion experience Church leaders hoped the young people would want full membership and stay part of the Puritan church Puritan leaders wanted to keep control of the colony

17. Salem Witch Trials 25 people condemned to death after being accused of witchcraft in Salem, Mass. Result of strict Puritan church having control over government and laws Also shows impact of harsh life in New England colonies

18. Loss of Massachusetts Charter Unrest in Massachusetts led to loss of the colony’s charter and the king took over Mass. Bay became a royal colony under the rule of a governor appointed by the king

19. Settlement of New Amsterdam Settled and called New Amsterdam by Dutch as settlement focused on the fur trade. Taken by the English and renamed New York. The English wanted to remove the “Dutch Wedge” and unite their southern and New England colonies.

20. Pennsylvania Founded by William Penn and the Quakers on the principle of religious freedom The Quakers got along better with Native Americans than many settlers and were more tolerant and peaceful

21. Quebec First permanent French settlement in North America Goals: – Friendly relations with the Native Americans – Make money from the fur trade – Convert Native Americans to Catholicism

22. Mercantilism The belief that the purpose of a colony was to make the mother-country richer and more powerful. England’s Trans-Atlantic “Triangle” trade network was developed to get the most profit possible from the English colonies.

23. Middle Passage The voyage of slaves on slave ships from West Africa to the American colonies. – Terrible conditions – High death rates Called the middle passage because it was the middle part of the “Triangle Trade.”

24. Growth of African population As a result of the increasing need for slave labor in southern colonies and the trans- Atlantic trade, the number of slaves grew in the American colonies African-American culture was diverse; slaves came from completely different backgrounds

25. Great Awakening Religious movement that called for people to search for truth themselves instead of relying on the church. This led people to question traditional authorities like the church or even the king.

26. Benjamin Franklin Example of self-made man; he was not born wealthy but hard work and intelligence made him rich, famous, respected, and successful Social mobility: he moves up in social classes Individualism: believed you should improve yourself and fulfill your potential

27. Unit 2 Vocabulary Road to Revolution

28. French and Indian War A war between France and England over land in North America (Ohio River Valley) Increases tensions between colonists and Great Britain over Proclamation of 1763 and taxes to pay war debt Proclamation of 1763 – British told colonists they could not move west of Appalachian mountains

29. Treaty of Paris - 1763 Treaty ending the French and Indian War. France was forced to surrender all land east of the Mississippi River to England This means that England becomes the dominant imperial power in North America

30. Stamp Act 1765 law in which England forced a tax on paper goods on the American colonies. Colonists reacted by forming the Stamp Act Congress  first time colonies acted as a unified group

31. Intolerable Acts A series of laws enacted by Parliament in 1774 that were meant to punish Boston for the Tea Party. Shut down Boston Harbor, enacted the Quartering Act, and shut down Massachusetts legislature

32. Sons and Daughters of Liberty A group of radical colonists that would use violence to oppose British oppression and taxation. They would use methods like threats or violence against tax collectors to stop the taxes from getting paid.

33. Committees of Correspondence A communication network of letters between the colonies to share information about protests and resisting British actions This information was critical for leaders of the revolution and united colonies

34. Townshend Acts A series of laws enacted by England in 1767 that taxed all goods that were imported from England to America. There was no way for the colonists to avoid paying these taxes.

35. Boston Massacre A clash between British soldiers and a mob of angry colonists in Boston in 1770. – British soldiers fired on the crowd and 5 colonists were killed Leaders like Paul Revere used this event to unite the colonies against England.

36. Boston Tea Party In 1773, a group of angry colonists disguised themselves as Indians and dumped 18,000 pounds of tea off of a British ship into Boston Harbor. Led to the British punishing Boston with the Intolerable Acts

37. Lexington and Concord The British are sent to Concord to destroy a stockpile of weapons The minutemen (militia) meet them at Lexington where the first shots of the war are fired

38. Minutemen Unprofessional groups of local soldiers trained to be ready in minutes to oppose any English soldiers that showed up in their area. These soldiers were also known as “militia.”

39. 1 st and 2 nd Continental Congress First Continental Congress: delegates from colonies meet (except GA) and decide to warn colonists to prepare for war Second Continental Congress: delegates meet and name the militia the Continental Army and appoint George Washington as commander

40. Common Sense Document written by Thomas Paine listing the reasons America should be independent from Great Britain Important because it was written for the common people and convinced more people to join the side of the revolutionaries

41. Declaration of Independence Document written by Thomas Jefferson to the King of England explaining why Americans wanted to be independent from Great Britain Influenced by John Locke’s idea of natural rights – life, liberty and property

42. French Alliance America needed foreign assistance to fight the war against England and France agreed to give America money and send troops and ships to help fight the war Benjamin Franklin went to France to convince them to help us fight the British Marquis de Lafayette was the French representative in America

43. Crossing of the Delaware Washington plans a surprise attack on Hessian mercenaries Victory is important because it boosts American morale and gives them a desire to keep fighting

44. Valley Forge This is where the American army camps for the winter 1777 The soldiers were freezing and starving The army receives foreign help and training from Baron von Steuben and after Valley Forge the Continental Army is more professional and better trained

45. Yorktown The Americans and the French trap the British at the Battle of Yorktown The geography of the land (peninsula) and the help from the French navy make this victory possible Lord Cornwallis (the British commander) surrenders and the Americans win

46. George Washington as a military leader Slowly formed the untrained continental soldiers into a professional army Was a strong enough leader to keep his army together in the face of defeats and extremely tough times like the winter at Valley Forge. Willing to take risks in order to achieve victory (as seen in the Crossing of the Delaware River).

47. Treaty of Paris 1783 Officially ends the American Revolution and formally establishes American independence from Great Britain Also, sets the boundaries for the new nation

48. Unit 3 Vocabulary New Nation

49. Articles of Confederation A document adopted by the Second Continental Congress in 1777 and approved by the states in 1781. This was the first law of the land for the new government of the United States Weaknesses: no executive, no courts, no taxing power

50. Daniel Shays’ Rebellion A 1787 uprising of farmers that were angry at the Massachusetts state government because of debt and foreclosures, so they shut down the state courts by force Showed the weakness of the Articles of Confederation because Massachusetts asked the federal government for help but they didn’t have the power to do anything

51. Northwest Ordinance A law passed in 1787 under the Articles of Confederation government Set up a plan for territories to become states and contributed to westward migration Plan encouraged new state constitutions to avoid slavery and include a plan for public education

52. Constitutional Convention Founding fathers met at Pennsylvania State House in May 1787 to revise the Articles of Confederation, but ended up writing a whole new Constitution Major conflicts at the Constitution over the issues of representation in Congress and slavery had to be resolved through compromises

53. Great Compromise A compromise made at the Constitutional Convention to resolve the conflict between the Virginia Plan (large states) and New Jersey Plan (small states) Proposed a bicameral legislature with the House of Representatives, where representation is based on population and the Senate, where every state gets 2 representatives

54. 3/5 Compromise A compromise between free states and slave states over whether or not slaves should be counted as part of the population for representation purposes in the House of Representatives Decided that slaves would count as 3/5 of a person (Out of every 5 slaves, 3 would count towards population)

55. U.S. Constitution America’s final law of the land, written at Constitutional Convention after the AOC failed because it was too weak Provided for a more powerful central government, but this power was limited by separation of powers, checks and balances, and federalism

56. Popular Sovereignty The people have power in the government by voting to elect representatives This idea is the same as what Jefferson described as “consent of the governed” in the Declaration of Independence

57. Separation of Powers The powers of the national government are divided by the Constitution into three separate branches to prevent any one person or branch from having too much power The legislative branch (Congress) makes the laws, executive branch (President) enforces the laws, and judicial branch (courts) interprets the laws. This comes from French philosopher Montesquieu

58. Checks and Balances Principle of the Constitution that gives each branch of government the authority to limit the power of the other two branches Examples: – Congress passes laws, president can veto them and Supreme court can rule them unconstitutional – President appoints Supreme Court justices and Congress approves them; Congress can impeach the president

59. Federalism A system in which power is shared between different levels of government For example, in the U.S. we have the federal (national) government, state governments, and local governments

60. Judicial Review The Supreme Court has the power to declare laws unconstitutional This authority is a part of the system of checks and balances

61. Limited Government Government is not all powerful The Constitution limits the power of the federal government through separation of powers, checks and balances, federalism and the Bill of Rights

62. Federalists Group of political leaders that supported the new U.S. Constitution in the debate over ratification (approving and adopting the document) Wanted a strong federal government and were led by Alexander Hamilton and James Madison Federalist Papers = a collection of essays written to convince Americans to approve the Constitution

63. Anti-Federalists Group of political leaders led by Thomas Jefferson that were against ratification of the new Constitution They wanted a weaker federal government and strong state governments and refused to ratify without a Bill of Rights The Anti-Federalist Papers = written to point out problems in the Constitution

64. Bill of Rights First 10 amendments to the Constitution Anti-Federalists insisted on adding these before ratification Designed to protectindividual rights (#1-9) and states’ rights (#10) from the power of the national government

65. Washington’s Presidency Important because he set precedents for how the President would conduct himself and how the executive branch would work Showed the strength of the new federal government in Whiskey Rebellion, said America should not get involved in European affairs, and warned against factions/political parties

66. Whiskey Rebellion Farmers in Pennsylvania refused to pay a tax put on whiskey by the federal government President Washington ordered the militia to go an and stop the rebellion, and the rebels scattered without a fight Proved that the federal government was now strong enough under the new Constitution to handle a crisis

67. Non-Intervention in Europe The people of France asked Americans to help in their revolution to overthrow the king of France Washington thought America needed to stay out of European problems and issued the “Declaration of Neutrality”

68. Adams’ Presidency American diplomats effectively resolve the XYZ Affair with the French, who tried to force the U.S. to pay bribe or tribute money to continue to deal with France Adams lost public support because of Alien and Sedition Acts that set fines and jail time for anyone speaking out against the government (violation of 1 st amendment)

69. Unit 4 Vocabulary

70. Louisiana Purchase President Jefferson send James Monroe to negotiate with Napoleon to buy the Louisiana territory from France This doubles the size of the U.S. (territorial growth)

71. Westward expansion Describes the territorial growth of the United States during the first half of the 19 th century the U.S. grows and gains land to the west – Louisiana Purchase – Northwest Ordinance – Manifest Destiny

72. Manifest Destiny “obviously meant to be” that God wanted Americans to move west Belief that Americans were supposed to move and expand west to the Pacific coast

73. Lewis and Clark expedition Jefferson gets Lewis and Clark to explore the Louisiana territory and report on what was there Jefferson sends them to be diplomatic with Native Americans and to record information about plants, animals and the land

74. War of 1812 War between the U.S. and Great Britain over impressment and British alliance with Native Americans Significance: Increased nationalism and helped create national identity

75. National identity The nature of a country as a whole including language, culture, traditions and shared values

76. American System Plan to unify the regions and create a strong, stable economy Created infrastructure (transportation between regions)

77. Infrastructure Basic physical systems of a country or community. Examples: roads, other transportation, sewage, water

78. Erie Canal Canal that links the Great Lakes to the Atlantic Ocean Led to the rise of New York City as most dominant port

79. Monroe Doctrine President Monroe warns European powers not to interfere in the western hemisphere so that they would not try to colonize Latin America Importance: Shows American nationalism and power and shapes foreign policy

80. Industrial Revolution Massive changes in the economy and society that resulted from the growth of the factory system Led to increased sectionalism between the North and the South, because the North becomes reliant on industry and the South more reliant on agriculture

81. Cotton gin Invented by Eli Whitney Machine for cleaning the seeds from cotton fibers Makes South more dependant on cotton and slavery

82. Interchangeable parts Standardized parts that can be used in place of one another Makes mass production possible Eli Whitney makes these for muskets

83. Abolitionist Movement Movement to end slavery Many women participate in this movement and that contributes to women working for right to vote

84. Temperance Movement Movement to end the consumption of alcohol Believed alcohol was bad for society and ruining families Made up of mostly women

85. Women’s Suffrage Movement for the right to vote and equality for women Seneca Falls Convention was first women’s rights convention Elizabeth Cady Stanton led the Seneca Falls Convention, where the Declaration of Sentiments demanded equal rights for women

86. Public Education Movement Wanted access to education for all Poor needed education because they could now vote Led by Horace Mann

87. Reform movements of the early 1800s Organized efforts to change or fix society after the Industrial Revolution to address the changes and problems in America at that time Examples: abolitionism, temperance, public education, suffrage

88. Jacksonian Democracy Andrew Jackson’s supporters wanted common people to participate in the government Changed popular political culture – Jackson as the “common man”, spoke to the concerns of ordinary people. Politics not just for the elite anymore

89. Expanding Suffrage More people can vote Many states began to get rid of property requirements for voting This helps Jackson win the Election of 1828

90. American nationalism Nationalism – devotion to the interests and culture of one’s nation develops during War of 1812 Jackson was a national hero and encouraged nationalism over sectionalism during his presidency

91. Spoils System After he became president, Jackson replaced federal workers with his supporters and friends

92. Indian Removal Act of 1830 President Jackson supports this bill that orders southern tribes to move off their lands to reservations west of the Mississippi River Includes the Trails of Tears

93. Bank War Jackson opposes the National Bank and vetoes a bill extending its’ charter The sudden end to the bank led to economic crisis (Panic of 1837)

94. Nullification When a state refuses to recognize a federal law because it considers it unconstitutional South Carolina, encouraged by John C. Calhoun, wants to nullify the Tariff of 1828, Jackson forces them to back down The belief in nullification is associated with the belief in states’ rights

95. Unit 5 Vocabulary

96. Abolitionism Movement to end slavery Encouraged women to fight for the right to vote, because they participated in the movement Increased tension between the North and South Made slavery a significant issue in American politics

97. Nat Turner Led a slave rebellion in Virginia Increases tension between North and South Southerners increase restrictions on slaves and free blacks and Northerners say this proves slaves need to be free

98. William Lloyd Garrison Publisher of the Liberator His newspaper supported abolitionism and brought more people to the cause

99. Fredrick Douglass Former slave who becomes famous abolitionist writer and speaker He was an influential abolitionist because he experienced slavery himself

100. Grimke Sisters Southern women who were abolitionists What they said was important because they experienced how bad slavery was from the slave owner's perspective

101. States’ rights ideology Belief that the power of the states should be protected Wanted states to have more power than federal government Commonly held belief of southerners before the Civil War Sectionalism: putting regional interests over national interests

102. Nullification When a state refuses to recognize a federal law because it considers it unconstitutional South Carolina, encouraged by John C. Calhoun, wants to nullify the Tariff of 1828, Jackson forces them to back down The belief in nullification is associated with the belief in states’ rights

103. Missouri Compromise Tried to resolve conflict over slavery in the West by saying all states except Missouri north of the 36’30 line would be free states Only temporarily solved the conflict

104. Compromise of 1850 California is a free state Other territories would decide based upon popular sovereignty (a vote) Fugitive Slave Act (runaway slaves were returned to the South)

105. War with Mexico War between U.S. and Mexico from 1846- 1848, in which the U.S. wins land from Mexico in the West New land meant new arguments over slavery in the West

106. Wilmot Proviso Banned slavery in territories won during the War with Mexico Divided Congress along regional lines

107. Kansas-Nebraska Act The territories of Kansas and Nebraska would vote to decide whether they would become slave or free states. The competition to gain votes resulted in violence between pro-slavery groups and abolitionists (Bleeding Kansas)

108. Popular Sovereignty A system where people vote to decide what to do on an issue Used to decide whether some territories would be free or slave

109. Dred Scott Decision A slave (Scott) sued for freedom. He had been brought into a free state, so he said he was no longer a slave. Court ruled that slaves were property and that owners had the right to keep them even in free states.

110. John Brown’s Raid John Brown raided the US Army arsenal in Harper’s Ferry, Virginia. He wanted to start a slave rebellion, but he was captured and hanged. Divides the North and South even more. North saw him as a martyr and the South said he was a terrorist.

111. Fort Sumter After South Carolina seceded (broke away) from the Union (North), Confederate (Southern) forces surround and attack the Union base at Fort Sumter. This battle was the beginning of the Civil War.

112. Battle of Antietam Stopped General Lee’s (Confederate) first march towards Washington D.C. After a tie in the battle the Confederates had to retreat back to the south. Bloodiest single day in the war

113. Battle of Vicksburg Union General Grant attacked and captured the Confederate city of Vicksburg, Mississippi. This victory gave the Union control of the Miss. River and split the Confederacy in half.

114. Battle of Gettysburg Union victory Stopped General Lee’s second march into northern territory. 3 day battle with 100,000 casualties Turning point of the war in favor of the Union

115. Battle for Atlanta Union Victory Control of Atlanta gave the Union control of the south, because Atlanta was a “transportation hub.”

116. Civil War Leaders Abraham Lincoln – President of the United States Jefferson Davis – President of the Confederacy Ulysses S. Grant – General in command of the Union (North) army Robert E. Lee – General in command of the Confederate (South) army

117. Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson Confederate general that was second-in- command under General Lee. – Killed at the Battle of Chancellorsville

118. William T. Sherman Union general who used the concept of “Total War” to make southerners want to surrender. “March to the Sea” – Burned a path of destruction from Atlanta to Savannah

119. Economic Disparity The North had a larger population, more railroads and more factories than the South This gave the North an advantage over the South and helped them win the Civil War

120. Suspension of Habeas Corpus Says that prisoners of war and supporters of the Confederacy do not have the right to trial Stops enemies of the Union from working against them

121. Gettysburg Address Speech that says to honor the dead by winning the war and preserving the Union Encourages people to keep fighting

122. Emancipation Proclamation Frees the slaves in southern states Former slaves will support the Union and join the union army

123. Second Inaugural Address We need to finish the war, but treat the South with kindness and welcome them back Gets rid of divisions, helps heal the country and bring both sides together

124. Presidential Reconstruction Reconstruction under President Lincoln and President Johnson Was more lenient on the South

125. Radical Republican Reconstruction Congress was in control of Reconstruction Put the South under military supervision Gave more rights to African Americans

126. Freedmen’s Bureau Created to help former slaves adjust to life as freedmen

127. Civil War Amendments 13 th – ended slavery 14 th – protects the rights of African Americans as citizens 15 th – gave black males the right to vote

128. Black Codes Laws that were passed to limit the freedom and movement of black laborers Wanted to restore race relations to the way they were before emancipation Forced many blacks to become sharecroppers

129. Ku Klux Klan White supremacist hate group Klan violence prevented African-Americans from voting and returned Democrats to power in the South

130. Impeachment The process of accusing a president of wrongdoing Andrew Johnson was impeached by the House for violating the Tenure of Office Act, but was acquitted in the Senate trial

131. Presidential election of 1876 Rutherford B. Hayes (Republican) lost the popular vote and electoral votes were disputed, so Congress appointed a commission to solve the problem The Commission votes for Hayes because it was mostly Republican Led to Compromise of 1877 and end of Reconstruction

132. Compromise of 1877 Democrats agree to accept Hayes as president if federal troops were removed from the South This marks the end of Reconstruction

133. Unit 6 Vocab

134. Railroads The expansion of railroads after Reconstruction changed travel and business in America The growth of railroads led to the growth of big business and other industries, like steel which was used for the tracks. Led to development of the West

135. Steel Industry that grew quickly with the expansion of railroads The Bessemer process made making steel efficient and cheap Andrew Carnegie created a monopoly over the steel industry

136. Big Business Industries controlled by monopolies and trusts, such as railroads, steel and oil Andrew Carnegie was the giant of the steel industry John D. Rockefeller was the giant of the oil industry

137. Development of the West The expansion of railroads led to the development of the west because it allowed people and business to move west faster and easier This led to conflict between Native Americans in the West and the U.S. government

138. Transcontinental Railroad A railroad line linking the Pacific to the Atlantic Ocean, completed in 1869 Built mostly by Chinese immigrants

139. Impact on Native Americans Battle of Little Bighorn – Sioux defeat the U.S. army, General Custer is killed Sitting Bull – Sioux leader who defeated Custer at Little Bighorn, but is taken at Wounded Knee Wounded Knee – U.S. army rounds up Sioux and kills 300 unarmed people

140. Pooling Railroad companies agreed to divide up business in an area and set high prices They did this to get rid of competition and keep prices high

141. Vertical and Horizontal Integration Vertical – owning or buying out all of the raw materials necessary in an industry Horizontal – Buying out or merging with other companies in the same industry

142. Trusts and Monopolies Trust – a group of companies controlled by one board of directors Monopoly – complete control over an industry

143. John D. Rockefeller Owned Standard Oil Company Established nation’s first trust that controlled every aspect of the oil industry Led to the government creating anti-trust laws

144. Immigration Immigrants make up large part of the industrial work force By the late 1800s, immigrant origins changed from northwestern Europe to southeastern Europe Changed urban America and led to development of ethnic enclaves and tenement housing

145. Nativism Belief that immigrants posed a threat to native-born Americans and their way of life Americans with ancestors from northern Europe looked down on new immigrants from southeastern Europe

146. Ellis Island Processing center for European immigrants entering the U.S. on the east coast Immigrants were inspected and granted or denied access to the U.S.

147. Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 Banned Chinese immigrants from entering the U.S. Americans did not want Chinese laborers taking their jobs because they would accept lower wages

148. American Federation of Labor (AFL) Labor union for skilled workers Formed by Samuel Gompers Did not allow unskilled workers, women and African Americans

149. 1894 Pullman Strike Workers at Pullman Sleeping Car company strike because Pullman lowers their wages but refuses to lower their rent Strike turns violent and federal troops were called in Example of industrial unrest

150. Progressive Era Time period in which reformers made efforts to change or improve the U.S. after the growth and expansion of the era of railroads and big business

151. Muckraker Journalist who writes about corruption or problems in business or government Brought about changes in business or government during the Progressive Era Examples: Ida Tarbell and Upton Sinclair

152. Ida Tarbell Wrote “The History of the Standard Oil Company” Exposed corruption by Rockefeller in the creation of his trust and control over oil industry Her writing encouraged laws against trusts and monopolies

153. Upton Sinclair Wrote The Jungle Exposed disgusting conditions in the meatpacking industry His writings led to government oversight of food and drug industries and laws like Meat Inspection Act

154. Jane Addams Founder of the Hull House Hull House was a settlement house in Chicago Settlement houses helped immigrants adjust to life in America and sought to improve living conditions for the poor in cities

155. Jim Crow Laws enacted in the South to segregate black and white people in public and private facilities

156. Plessy v. Ferguson Supreme court case in 1896 that said segregated public facilities was legal This case established the “separate but equal” doctrine that upheld segregation in the South

157. NAACP An organization founded in 1909 to promote full racial equality Stands for National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

158. Political Progressive Reforms Made the U.S. more democratic Initiative: law is written and voted on by the people Recall: the people remove a public official from office by a vote Referendum: people vote on a law proposed by lawmakers

159. 17 th amendment Creates the direct election of senators by the people, instead of the House of Representatives electing them Makes representation more democratic

160. Conservation Movement Preserved some wilderness areas and planned development of others for the common good Theodore Roosevelt set aside millions of acres for national parks and forests This was an attempt to correct the misuse of natural resources during expansion and industrialization

161. Thomas Edison His inventions led to new industries and increased productivity Light bulb – changed American way of life and increased productivity in industry Kinetoscope – led to film industry Phonograph – led to development of radio and music industries

162. Unit 7 Vocab

163. Spanish American War War between US and Spain over Cuban freedom and explosion on the USS Maine Causes: US interest in Cuba, yellow journalism, USS Maine Outcomes: Spain freed Cuba and US gets Guam, Puerto Rico and the Phillipines

164. War in the Philippines Spanish American War begins in the Philippines, a Spanish colony Filipino rebels support the US because they want freedom from Spain but US wants to colonize them Emilio Aguinaldo – leader of Filipino rebels This led to Philippine-American War

165. American Expansionism At the turn of the 20 th century, America’s relationship with the world changes as the US becomes an imperial power After the Spanish American War, the US gains Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines Roosevelt Corollary and Panama Canal are also examples of US expansion

166. U.S. Involvement in Latin America At the turn of the 20 th century, the U.S. emerges as an imperial power and exerts influence over other countries, especially in Latin America Examples: Platt Amendment in Cuba, Panama Canal, and Roosevelt Corollary

167. Roosevelt Corollary President Roosevelt builds on the Monroe Doctrine and warns that the U.S. will use force to protect our interests in Latin America This was used to prevent European powers from interfering in Latin America so that the U.S. could be the dominant power in the western hemisphere

168. Panama Canal Canal built through Panama in Central America to make an easier route between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans U.S. supports Panama’s rebellion against Columbia to get them to sign a treaty with the U.S. to build the canal

169. Militarism The policy of building up armed forces in aggressive preparedness for war and/or to use as a tool of diplomacy European countries’ militarism increased tensions and led to World War I

170. Alliance System Prior to World War I, countries divided themselves into two groups: The Triple Entente or Allies (Great Britain, France, Russia and later the U.S.) and the Triple Alliance or Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy) This meant everyone would get pulled into the war if conflict started

171. Imperialism Control over a weaker nation by a stronger nation This would lead to war because the imperial powers were competing with each other for the most control and power

172. Nationalism A devotion to the interest and culture of one’s nation One of the causes of World War I because feelings of superiority and nationalist movements cause conflict

173. U.S. Neutrality to Engagement Initially, the U.S. refused to take part in a war between other nations; this policy is called neutrality The U.S. policy towards World War I changed to engagement (getting involved) mostly because of Germany’s policy of unrestricted submarine warfare

174. Unrestricted Submarine Warfare German policy of sinking any British or Allied ship, even if the ship held civilian passengers The sinking of the Lusitania, which held American citizens, was one of the reasons the U.S. changes its’ policy from neutrality to engagement

175. Zimmerman Note A message from Germany to Mexico proposing an alliance and promised to return land Mexico lost to the U.S. One of the reasons the U.S..changes its’ policy from neutrality to engagement in World War I

176. Great Migration Large scale migration of hundreds of thousands of African-Americans from the South to the North during World War I They wanted to escape Jim Crow laws of the South and there were job opportunities in the North because of the war effort

177. Espionage Act Made it illegal to speak out against the war effort or the government Targeted socialists like Eugene Debs Eugene Debs, a socialist and union leader, was arrested for speaking out against the draft and the war

178. Fourteen Points Wilson’s plan for lasting world peace after World War I was over Except for the League of Nations, most of his points were not included in the Treaty of Versailles

179. League of Nations An association of nations created in 1920 to promote international peace and cooperation Part of Wilson’s 14 Points and included in the Treaty of Versailles Many Americans did not like this – they wanted to remain isolated.

180. Treaty of Versailles Peace treaty at the end of World War I that created new nations and borders and punished Germany Flawed because it humiliated Germany, excluded Russia and ignored colonized people. This would ultimately lead to World War II.

181. Unit 8 Vocabulary

182. Prohibition 18 th amendment makes alcohol illegal This led to speakeasies (illegal saloons) and bootlegging (smuggling alcohol) Also increased organized crime and shaped culture of 1920s

183. Woman Suffrage 19 th amendment gave women the right to vote in 1920 Women working during World War I contributed to the push to give women the right to vote

184. Red Scare Fear of communism and socialism during the 1920s Americans were suspicious of immigrants, communists and anarchists, especially after the communist revolution in Russia Led to restrictions on immigration like the Emergency Quota Act

185. Henry Ford Makes the automobile affordable by mass producing the Model-T on an assembly line

186. Radio Radios became more affordable during the 1920s and most Americans owned one. People listened to the radio for performances, sports, news, and speeches

187. Movies The film industry revolutionized American entertainment Movies became one of the most popular forms of entertainment in the 1920s and movie stars fascinated Americans In the 1920s, “talkies” or movies with sound were introduced

188. Jazz Popular form of music during the 1920s Began in New Orleans in the early 20 th century, but became most popular during the 1920s Uniquely American, jazz is a mixture of African drumbeats, traditional spirituals, blues, European instruments and ragtime

189. Louis Armstrong Jazz musician and trumpet player Revolutionized jazz by bringing personal expression to his music

190. Harlem Renaissance Literary and artistic movement in the 1920s celebrating African American culture Centered in the Harlem community in New York City

191. Langston Hughes Harlem Renaissance poet He wrote about the everyday lives of working people and African Americans during the time period

192. Irving Berlin American songwriter during the 1920s Wrote “God Bless America” Part of Tin Pan Alley – district in New York City known for song writers, composers and music publishers

193. Great Depression Period lasting from 1929 to 1940, in which the U.S. economy was in severe decline and millions of Americans were unemployed Causes: Overproduction, Underconsumption, Stock market speculation, and Dust Bowl

194. Underconsumption Americans were not buying as much as the economy began to slow down by the late 1920s This contributed to the declining economy and business failures because industries continued to produce as much as before despite the decline in consumerism

195. Overproduction Industries were making more than people were buying This surplus in products contributed to the declining American economy that led to the Great Depression

196. Stock Market Speculation During the 1920s, people bought stocks and bonds on the chance of a quick profit, while ignoring the risks As a result, the high price of stocks during this time period did not reflect value Eventually led to Stock Market Crash of 1929

197. Stock Market Crash of 1929 Black Tuesday – October 1929 Due to stock market speculation and buying on margin (buying stocks on credit) the value of stocks dropped drastically This led to economic crisis – even Americans who did not invest panicked, banks and businesses failed as well

198. Dust Bowl The region, including Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, Colorado and New Mexico that was made worthless for farming by drought and dust storms during the 1930s Causes: Over farming on the Great Plains, Drought, Windstorms Effect: Farm families were forced to leave and many moved further west

199. Hoovervilles Shantytowns that developed during the Great Depression because of widespread unemployment. People lost their homes and had no where else to go They were called Hoovervilles because Americans blamed Hoover for not providing direct aid to help them

200. Widespread Unemployment By 1933, 25% of the workforce was unemployed and millions more could only find part-time work. There were over 2 million homeless Americans migrating around the U.S. Men often left home to look for work, and families without shelter were often forced to live in places like Hoovervilles

201. New Deal President Franklin Roosevelt’s program to address the problems of the Great Depression Focused on relief for the needy, economic recovery and financial reform

202. Eleanor Roosevelt President Roosevelt’s wife She helped convince FDR to provide help to those in need, supported civil rights and encouraged FDR to appoint women to federal government positions

203. Neutrality Act Law passed by Congress to keep the U.S. out of future wars and to challenge FDR’s attempts to reach out to the world This law was passed because Americans wanted to maintain a policy of isolationism

204. TVA Tennessee Valley Authority Works program that was a part of the New Deal Provided jobs and brought electricity to rural areas by building dams (effort to control the environment)

205. Wagner Act Contributes to the rise of industrial unionism by protecting workers’ right to join unions Also prohibited unfair labor practices and included laws to improve working conditions

206. Social Security Act Passed as a part of the Second New Deal to provide additional aid to those in need Provided old-age insurance, unemployment and aid to families with children and the disabled

207. Huey Long Politician from Louisiana who challenged FDR He proposed a social program called “Share Our Wealth” and argued that the New Deal wasn’t doing enough to help the Americans who needed it most

208. “Court packing” Bill FDR proposed adding 6 new justices to the Supreme Court because the conservative Supreme Court frequently overturned his New Deal legislation Many people felt he was trying to have too much power and violating separation of powers

209. Unit 9 Vocabulary

210. Isolationism The belief that a nation should stand alone and not get involved in the affairs and conflict of other nations Many Americans wanted this to be U.S. foreign policy – they did not want to get involved in World War II

211. Lend-Lease Act Law that allowed the U.S. to send war supplies to the Allies Isolationists did not like this Roosevelt said helping the Allies was defense for the U.S. and democracy

212. Totalitarianism Total control of a government belongs in the hands of one or a few people Government is supreme and people have few rights Examples: Hitler in Germany, Mussolini in Italy, and Hirohito in Japan (Axis Powers)

213. Pearl Harbor Japanese aircraft bomb the U.S. Naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii on December 7, 1941 This pulls the U.S. into World War II – the U.S. declares war on Japan

214. Internment Confinement of Japanese Americans (and some German and Italian Americans) into camps during World War II Prejudice and fear after Pearl Harbor made Americans worry they would work as spies or hurt the war effort

215. Battle of Midway Naval battle between the U.S. and Japan in the Pacific The U.S. destroys the Japanese fleet and wins This victory is the turning point in the war in the Pacific in favor of the U.S.

216. D-Day Allied invasion of France to end German occupation Allies win, push the Germans out of France, which puts the Allies closer to victory in Europe

217. Fall of Berlin The Soviet army occupies and captures Berlin in April 1945 Hitler commits suicide and Germany surrenders The Allies win the war in Europe

218. Manhattan Project Research project to develop the atomic bomb in the U.S. Los Alamos is the place where the atomic bomb was first successfully tested The atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August of 1945, ending the war with Japan

219. Rationing Restricting the amount of food and other goods people could buy during wartime to make sure there were enough supplies for the military.

220. Women in War Industries During World War II, women met the need for workers in war industries to fill the void left by drafted men So many women working would lead to social changes, including more women wanting to remain in the workforce instead of at home.

221. War-time conversion In order to meet the demands of fighting a war on two fronts, the U.S. converted many industries to war industries For example, car manufacturers switched to producing tanks, planes and military vehicles

222. A. Philip Randolph The man who organized a march of African- Americans to Washington DC in protest of discrimination in war industries. As a result, President Roosevelt issued an order demanding equal hiring practices.

223. World War II Alliances alliance: nations join together to further their common interests Aggression by the Axis Powers was one of the causes of World War II Axis Powers: Germany, Italy, Japan Allied Powers: Great Britain, Soviet Union, United States

224. Pacific Theater Location of the war between the U.S. and Japan during World War II Major battles on this front: Battle of Midway, Iwo Jima, Okinawa War ends here when U.S. drops atomic bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki

225. European Theater Location of the war between the Allies and Hitler Major Battles on this front: D-Day, Battle of the Bulge War ends here when Soviets capture Berlin and Germany surrenders

226. Unit 10 Vocabulary

227. Cold War Competition and conflict that developed between the U.S. and the Soviet Union after World War II Domestic Impact: Fear of communism, rise of Joseph McCarthy, Anti-War Movement International Impact: Korean War, Cuban Missile Crisis, Vietnam War

228. Marshall Plan The U.S. provided economic aid to European countries to help them rebuild after World War II

229. Truman Doctrine U.S. will provide economic and military aid to countries threatened by communism Examples: Greece and Turkey

230. Containment Policy Stopping the spread of communism to other countries As a result, U.S. tries to stop communist revolution in China and gets involved in Korean War

231. Communism in China U.S. gives support to the Nationalists to fight communism in China 1949 Mao Zedong leads communist takeover, people support him because of corruption in Nationalist government

232. Korean War After WWII, Korea was divided and Soviets backed North Korea and U.S. backed South Korea. North Korea crosses 38 th parallel and invades South Korea. UN forces push them back to 38 th parallel. Impact: war is stalemate, but increased fear of communist gains in U.S.

233. Space Race Space race began when Soviets launched Sputnik, the world’s first artificial satellite, in 1957 Many Americans panicked, but President Eisenhower remained publicly calm NASA was created USSR and U.S. compete in “New Frontier” (space); Soviets put first man in space; U.S. puts first man on the moon.

234. Joseph McCarthy A senator who made the claim that Communists were taking over the government. These unsupported attacks on suspected Communists became known as McCarthyism.

235. Cuban Revolution A revolution led by Fidel Castro overthrows the government on Cuba Castro sets up a communist government in Cuba with the help of the Soviet Union

236. Bay of Pigs An invasion of Cuba authorized by president Kennedy to overthrow Fidel Castro The invasion force was made up of Cuban exiles and was defeated by Castro Embarrassing for the U.S.

237. Cuban Missile Crisis A confrontation between the U.S. and the Soviet Union over the building of Soviet missile launchers in Cuba. The U.S. Navy blockaded Cuba Eventually the Soviet Union agreed to remove the missiles, and President Kennedy agreed not to invade.

238. Vietnam War U.S. enters the war to push a communist group supported by North Vietnam, called the Vietcong, out of South Vietnam U.S. troops fought in Vietnam from 1965 to 1975 The war became very controversial and divided public opinion

239. Tet Offensive Vietcong attack on cities in South Vietnam The U.S. eventually stop the attack, and the Vietcong are not successful However, parts of the attack were televised and showed that the war would not be easily won This turned many Americans against the war in Vietnam

240. Anti-War Movement The growing opposition to the war began with young people on college campuses and was led by groups like the SDS New Left: growing liberal youth movement that wanted to change American society (Hippies) They opposed the war because they were morally opposed to the war and because they thought the U.S. shouldn’t be there

241. Kent State Shootings National Guard called in to disperse anti-war protest at Kent State University Troops fire into crowd of students, killing four students This event increases support for the anti-war movement and the New Left

242. Unit 11 Vocabulary

243. Civil Rights Movement efforts made by African Americans and their supporters in the 1950s and 1960s to eliminate segregation and gain equal rights in the United States

244. Integration of the Military President Truman issued an executive order in 1948 to integrate the armed forces and end discrimination in the government represented the beginnings of a federal commitment to dealing with racial issues.

245. Jackie Robinson In 1947, joins the Brooklyn Dodgers, making first integrated team in MLB 1 st African American in the Hall of Fame

246. Brown v. Board of Education Ends segregation in schools Overturns Plessy v. Ferguson Many states ignore it and resist integration, takes awhile before federal government enforces it

247. Letter from a Birmingham Jail Written by MLK Written in response to critics of the Civil Rights Movement Explains why they must fight segregation

248. “I Have a Dream” Speech Given by MLK at Lincoln monument in Washington, D.C. Drew attention to Civil Rights movement and the Civil Rights Act.

249. Civil Rights Act of 1964 Law that bans discrimination in public places (no segregation) Kennedy’s assassination helps get this passed; Johnson convinces Congress to honor his work in civil rights

250. Voting Rights Act of 1965 Forbids practices that prevented black people from voting like poll taxes and literacy tests Freedom Summer and Selma march helped get this passed The number of black voters in the South tripled

251. Turmoil of 1968 MLK’s assassination led to violence and anger around the nation Robert Kennedy’s assassination hurt the Democratic Party, Nixon won election Both assassination and anti-war protests led to violence at the Democratic National Convention between protestors and police

252. SNCC Civil rights activist group made up mostly of students Start with peaceful protests like sit-ins and freedom rides, but became more confrontational and radical over time

253. SCLC Civil rights activist group led by Martin Luther King, Jr. Made up of pastors and civil rights leaders Non-violent protests and marches

254. Warren Court The Supreme Court during the period when Earl Warren was chief justice, noted for its activism in the areas of civil rights and free speech Ex: Brown v. Board Banned prayer in public schools, and limited censorship in books and films

255. Great Society President Lyndon B. Johnson’s program to reduce poverty and racial injustice and to promote a better quality of life in the United States Part of a “war on poverty” Ex: Medicare Act; Higher Ed. Act; Civil Rights Act, Voting Rights Act, Clean Air Amendment, Truth in Packaging Act

256. NOW National Organization for Women An organization founded in 1966 to pursue feminist goals, such as better childcare facilities, improved educational opportunities, and an end to job discrimination

257. Cesar Chavez Worked with Delores Huerta to establish the United Farm Workers Organizing Committee (UFWOC) United California fruit and vegetable farm workers, mostly made up of Mexican- Americans Used non-violent protests to gain better wages and benefits

258. Rachel Carson Wrote Silent Spring (1962) which exposed a “hidden danger”, the effects of pecides on the environment Led to the Water Quality Act of 1965 which required states to clean up rivers Early part of the environmental movement

259. Conservative Movement The “New Right”; a late 20 th century alliance of conservative special interest groups concerned with cultural, social, and moral issues Goals: – Shrink the size of the federal government and reduce spending – Promote family values and patriotic ideals – Stimulate business by reducing government regulations and lowering taxes – Strengthen the national defense

260. Unit 12 Vocab

261. Baby Boom After World War II, the birthrate soared. “Baby boomers” became the largest generation in U.S. History. Also, contributed to growth of suburban lifestyle Most Americans worked in cities, but new highways and affordability of cars led to growth of suburbs.

262. Levittowns – Mass produced houses in assembly-line fashion – Makes suburban houses affordable – Became prime example of 1950s suburban lifestyle and conformity

263. Impact of technology on Modern America In the 1950s, air conditioning use expanded significantly and was a part of the new suburban lifestyle. This allowed for growth of southern cities like Atlanta, Houston, and Miami. “electromechanical” personal computers were improved throughout the 1960s, before the personal computers appeared in the 1970s.

264. Kennedy – Nixon Debates Televised debates between candidates John F. Kennedy and Richard Nixon in 1960. Kennedy won the debate and the election because he looked better on camera and was more charismatic

265. Nixon’s Opening of China Nixon reversed U.S. policy of not recognizing the Chinese communist government by visiting China in 1971 Significance: Opened up diplomatic and economic relations with the Chinese and was a huge success with the American public

266. Watergate Scandal Nixon and his administration tried to cover up their involvement in the burglary of the Democratic National Headquarters Effects of Watergate: American public and media developed a general distrust of public officials that still exists today

267. Gerald Ford Pardoned Nixon American’s distrust government Economy was bad (recession)

268. Camp David Accords Carter arranged a peace agreement between Israel and Egypt Significance: Israel and Egypt were long-time enemies and Carter managed to get Israel to sign its’ first peace agreement with an Arab nation

269. Iranian Hostage Crisis Revolutionaries seize U.S. embassy and took 52 Americans hostage because Carter allowed the Iranian Shah to come to the U.S. They refused to release hostages while Carter was president. Significance: Demonstrated the limits America faced in the 1970s and Americans also realized the limits on their resources

270. Reaganomics Conservative economic policy Based on budget cuts, tax cuts and increased defense spending “trickle down” economics

271. Iran Contra Scandal 1983 pro-Iranian terrorist groups took Americans hostage in Lebanon Reagan said U.S. allies should not sell weapons to Iran But, in 1986 Reagan approved selling weapons to Iran for the release of 7 American hostages Reagan’s staff used profits from those sales to send weapons to Contras in Nicaragua

272. Fall of the Soviet Union Gorbachev initiates reform to make the Soviet Union more democratic and had better relations with the U.S. In 1991, Gorbachev resigned and the Soviet Union dissolved.

273. NAFTA North American Free Trade Agreement legislation brought Mexico into the free-trade zone that already existed between the U.S. and Canada Supporters: will strengthen all 3 economies and create more American jobs Opponents: would transfer American jobs to Mexico

274. Clinton’s Impeachment impeached for perjury and obstruction of justice Tried to cover up improper relationship with White House intern He was acquitted in the Senate trial. He remained in office and apologized for his actions.

275. 2000 Election Al Gore (Democrat) v. George W. Bush (Republican) came down to who won Florida Gore won the popular vote, but Bush won Florida in a recount by 500 Gore requested manual recounts, and Bush sued to stop them. Supreme Court sided with Bush.

276. Terrorist Attacks on 9/11 Terrorists (al-Qaeda) attack the World Trade Center and Pentagon killing many Americans Bush responds by declaring war on terror, forming Department of Homeland Security, increasing aviation security and pushing for anti-terrorism bill (Patriot Act)

277. War in Afghanistan coalition of forces led by U.S. bombed Afghanistan because they were harboring Osama bin Laden and al-Qaeda. broke up the al-Qaeda network, and bin Laden was killed in 2011

278. War in Iraq Bush feared that Saddam Hussein would supply terrorists with WMD (weapons of Mass Destruction) Hussein refused to cooperate with inspections, and U.S and British forces invaded Iraq in 2003. No WMD were found, but Saddam Hussein was defeated, went into hiding, and tried for crimes against humanity.