1. Unification of Italy

2. Nation States 1859 to 1871 sees unification of Italy and Germany Communication becomes easier –Railroad, steamship, telegraph Nation States –Two most powerful - GB and France –Nationalism - faith/relgion –Common external menace –Collective Destiny –Sense of belonging, the govt is their govt

3. Crimean War 1854-1856 Helped make nationalism movement possible later Seriously weakened Austria and Russia 1st war covered by Newspaper correspondents Florence Nightingale and army nurses Starts as Russia vs Turkey –France and GB joins side of Turks –Joined by kingdom of Sardinia (Piedmont)

4. Fighting British Navy took care of Russians at sea French and brits armies actually invaded Russia at Crimean Peninsula Austria doesn’t want either side to win, so mobilizes army and invades territory Russia abandoned (Wallachia and Moldavia) Tsar Nicholas I dies, Alexander II takes over and sues for peace

5. Peace In Paris 1856 Wallachia and Moldavia become Romania Serbia and Romania become self governing principalities

6. Problems Nap III needs glory Italians want a united Itlay Prussians had not participated in C War and felt they night be losing status All these would benefit from change (changing congress of vienna 1815)

7. Italian Unification Italy, bunch of city states Govts ok to stay separate, people not –People remember better times Ancient Rome, Renaissance –Risogimento - resurgence –Austria can’t be ousted without help from outside power (need French Army)

8. Major Players Mazzini - writer Garabaldi - fish Victor Emmanuel - king of Piedmont Count Camillo di Cavour - PM of Piedmont –Progress, efficiency, and fair govt

9. France Helps Nap III eager to help! April 1859 Cavour tricks Austria into declaring war and the French troops pour over the Alps Aust defeated Now what? –Rest of Euro scared France will keep italy –Italy descends into revolution

10. Nap III makes peace with Austrians –Pressure from Catholics and Prussians Franco-Austrian Agreement –Left Venetia (Venice) in Aust control –Wanted “Italy” controlled by pope Italians don’t want this Send representatives to Turino 1860

11. Final Push Garibaldi drove in final nail Hero 1150 followers –Garibaldi’s Thousand or Red Shirts (fish) Landed in Sicily and worked way up peninsula uniting and gaining support 1861 Kingdom of Italy formally proclaimed –Victor Emmanuel II King (former Piedmont King)