1. Chapter 3 Understanding Development

2. Learning Objectives By the end of this chapter, you should be able to: Tell the six Principles of child development Understand the two groups of Foundations of development Understand the classical theories of the Development of the whole child

3. Principles of child development The child develops as a whole Development follows predictable patterns Rates of development vary Development is influenced by maturation and experience Development proceeds from top down and from center outward Culture affects development

4. Principles of child development Optimal Match Challenge Frustration Boredom

5. Foundations of development Biological forcesEnvironmental forces

6. Foundations of development The biological basis of development Inherited characteristics Basic needs Temperament The easy child (about 40%) The difficult child (about 10%) The slow-to-warm-up child (about 15%)

7. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

8. Foundations of development The impact of environment The critical nature of nurturing relationships The importance of early experiences critical or sensitive periods

9. Sensitive Periods

10. Development of the whole child: theory into practice Periods of development Infants: from birth through 15 or 18 months Toddlers: from 15 or 18 months through 30 or 35 months Preschoolers or kindergartners: from 30 or 35 months to 6 years

11. Development of the whole child: theory into practice Physical development Maturational theory Genetic inheritance and maturation determine a major portion of an individual’s development, but environmental factors could influence it positively or negatively. Arnold Gesell

12. Development of the whole child: theory into practice Physical development Dynamic system theory (Thelen and Smith) Motor skills develop through a complex interaction among development of the nervous system, the infant’s perceptions, opportunities within the environment, and the infant’s motivation to reach a goal.

13. Development of the whole child: theory into practice Cognitive development Chomsky’s theory Chomsky observed that while a human baby and a kitten are both capable of inductive reasoning, if they are exposed to the exact same linguistic data, the human child will always acquire the ability to understand and produce language, while the kitten will never acquire either ability. Chomsky labeled whatever the relevant capacity the human has which the cat lacks the "language acquisition device" (LAD).inductive reasoning

14. Development of the whole child: theory into practice Cognitive development Constructivist theory Piaget believed that knowledge is not given to a passive observer; rather, it must be discovered and constructed by the activity of the individual.

15. Development of the whole child: theory into practice Cognitive development Sociocultural theory 1.Vygotsky believed that the relationship with other people is the major process contributing to development. Children develop in a specific social and cultural context. 2.Zone of Proximal Development – ZPD

16. Development of the whole child: theory into practice Cognitive development Howard Gardner Multiple intelligences theory

17. Development of the whole child: theory into practice Social development Kohlberg: Stage of moral development

19. Development of the whole child: theory into practice Emotional development Erikson’s theory: trust vs. mistrust (infant) autonomy vs. shame and doubt (toddler) initiative vs. guilt (preschooler), industry vs. inferiority (school age)

21. Development of the whole child: theory into practice Ecological systems theory Urie Bronfenbrenner (1917-2005) developed the ecological systems theory to explain how everything in a child and the child's environment affects how a child grows and develops. He labeled different aspects or levels of the environment that influence children's development, including the microsystem, the mesosystem, the exosystem, and the macrosystem. He later added a fifth system, called the Chronosystem (the evolution of the external systems over time). Urie Bronfenbrenner (1917-2005)