1. Homework –Study Guide 4-4

2. Weather & Climates Objectives Weather Climate Abiotic/biotic factors Niche Homework Handout due Wednesday Do Now!!! 30 second nap or meditation YOUR CHOICE

3. Ecosystems and Communities

4. Weather and Climate Climate – the average year after year conditions of temperature and precipitation at a given place. Weather – the day-to-day condition of Earth’s atmosphere in a given time and place.

5. Sunlight and Latitude What also affects the temperature in the biosphere?

6. What are the three major climate zones? Polar zone – between 66.5° and 90.0° Temperate zone – between the polar and tropical zones Tropical zone – between 23.5° north and 23.5° south

7. What also affects the temperature in the biosphere? Atmospheric Gases CO CO 2 CH 4 H 2 O (g)

8. Heat Transfer Water currents above Wind currents right

9. What factors shape ecosystems? Biotic Factors Abiotic Factors Biotic and Abiotic factors determine the survival and growth of organisms and the productivity of ecosystems in which organisms live.

10. Habitat - the area where an organism lives, including the biotic and abiotic factors that affect the organism. Resources - any necessity of life, such as water, nutrients, light, food, or space. Habitat + Resources = ????? Niche - full range of physical and biological conditions in which an organism lives and the way in which the organism uses those conditions.

11. Planet Earth Objectives Write a 1 page reflection on the “Planet Earth” video with the following concepts in mind (due Tuesday) Interdependence Sustainability Typed, Font 12, Times New Roman Create a flow chart with key abiotic and biotics factors of each biomes visited in the “Planet Earth” video. Homework Handout will be collected tomorrow. Test On Friday

12. Warbler Niches Can you have two separate organisms occupying the same exact niche???

13. NO

14. Direct competition (two organisms trying to occupy the same niche) in nature usually results in a winner and a loser. The competitive exclusion principle states that no two species can occupy the same niche. All ecosystems everywhere follow this rule.

15. Community Interactions Predation – interaction when one organism feeds on another

16. Community Interactions Symbiosis – any relationship in which two species live closely together. –There are three types of Symbiosis Mutualism Commensalism Parasitism

17. Community Interactions Mutualism – occurs when both species benefit from the relationship.

18. Community Interactions Commensalism – occurs when one member of the association benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed.

19. Community Interactions Parasitism – occurs when one organism lives on or inside another organism and harms it.

20. Ecological Succession Ecosystems are constantly in flux. –What causes changes in ecosystems? Ecological Succession – is the series of predictable changes that occurs in an ecosystem over time.

21. Primary Succession Occurs on surfaces where no soil exists, usually after a volcanic eruption. –1. Bare rock community is populated by an pioneer species (first species to populate an area). Usually lichens (fungus and alga). –2. Pioneer species help to form soil and puts nutrients into soil. –3. Plants begin to grow  then off to the races

22. Primary Succession

23. Secondary Succession Occurs in an community where everything has been removed but the soil. What could start primary succession?

24. Succession in a Marine Ecosystem Whale fall Community Large whale dies, such as a blue or fin whale, and sinks to the normally barren ocean floor. The whale attracts scavengers and decomposers, including amphipods, hagfishes, and sharks, that feast on the decaying meat. Within a year, most of the whale’s tissues have been eaten. The decomposition of the whale’s body, however, enriches the surrounding sediments with nutrients, forming an oasis of sediment dwellers, including many different species of marine worms. When only the whale’s skeleton remains, a third community moves in. Heterotrophic bacteria begin to decompose oils inside the whale bones. They release chemical compounds that serve as energy sources for other bacteria that are chemosynthetic autotrophs. The chemosynthetic bacteria support a diverse community of mussels, limpets, snails, worms, crabs, clams, and other organisms that live on the bones and within the nearby sediments.

25. Biomes Are groups of ecosystems that have the same climate and dominant communities. There are 10 major land biomes in the world which are defined by a unique set of abiotic factors—particularly climate—and has a characteristic ecological community.

26. Aquatic Ecosystems Aquatic ecosystems are determined primarily by the depth, flow, temperature, and chemistry of the overlying water.

27. Flowing-Water Ecosystems Rivers, streams, brooks, creeks –Close to source, high oxygen but little nutrients. –As the water flows it pulls nutrients from eroding rocks and sediments –Plants are more plentiful downstream –Animals are more plentiful when current slows –Organism are well adapted Hooks on larvae, suckers on fish (catfish), streamlined fish (trout, salmon)

28. Bogs Formed in depressions left from melting ice sheets thousands of years ago Lots moss (sphagnum) Water tends to be very acidic

29. Marshes Shallow wetlands along rivers Under water for most if not all the time Tall grasses and cattails

30. Swamp Water flows very slowly Looks like flooded forest

31. Homework Test Thursday Chapter 3-3, 4-1, 4-2, 4-3, 4-4

32. Homework Study for test on Thursday, 3-3 to 4-4 Ecosystems are constantly changing in response to natural and human disturbances. As an ecosystem changes, older inhabitants gradually die out and new organisms move in, causing further changes in the community. Explain how primary succession occurs on newly exposed surfaces, such as recently deposited volcanic ash and rock. B. Succession can occur in any ecosystem- even in the permanently dark, deep ocean. Explain the three stages in the succession of a whale-fall community. C. What is the difference between primary succession and secondary succession?

33. Aquatic Ecosystems Objective Discuss the fact that aquatic ecosystems are determined primarily by the depth, flow, temperature, and chemistry of the overlying water. Homework Handout Due Wednesday Do Now Use your textbook to describe the main stages of a whale-fall community. Page 96

34. Freshwater Ecosystems Can be broken into two types. –Flowing-water ecosystems –Standing-water ecosystems

35. Flowing-Water Ecosystems

36. Standing-Water Ecosystem Organisms that would normally be washed away are able to thrive. –Plankton - tiny, free- floating, weakly swimming organisms that occur in aquatic environments. Phytoplankton Zooplankton

37. Freshwater Wetland ecosystem in which water either covers the soil, or is present at or near the surface of the soil for at least part of the year –Three types Bogs Marshes Swamps

38. Estuaries wetlands formed where rivers meet the ocean. Affected by tides Usually shallow, photosynthesis and chemosynthesis Detritus powers the ecosystem High level of biomass Great spawning and nursery area –Two types Salt marsh Mangrove Swamps

39. Salt Marshes Temperate zone estuaries

40. Mangrove Swamps Located in tropical zone Mangrove trees – salt tolerant trees

41. Marine Ecosystems Photic Zone – upper layers of the ocean where sunlight is present down to about 200m. Aphotic Zone – permanently dark chemosynthetic bacteria The ocean is also divided into zones based on the depth and distance from shore: the intertidal zone, the coastal ocean, and the open ocean.

42. Marine Ecosystems

43. Intertidal Zone Located at the shore between the High Tide Mark and Low Tide Mark Submerged part of the time, and exposed part of the time Crashing waves and strong currents Seaweed, barnacles, starfish, urchins, snails Zonation - prominent horizontal banding of organisms that live in a particular habitat.

44. Intertidal Zone

45. Coastal Ocean Extends from the low tide mark to the edge of the continental shelf. Falls mostly in the photic zone

46. Coastal Ocean Kelp Forest –Can grow 50cm a day –Cold temperate seas Coral Reefs –Tropical seas –Within 40m of the surface

47. Open Ocean Oceanic Zone Starts at the end of the continental shelf Ranges from 500m to 11000m deep Productivity is low by producers due to low levels of nutrients –But, oceans are so large that 90% of the earth’s productivity comes from the ocean

48. Benthic Zone The ocean floor Organisms that live in the benthic zone are often refered to as the BENTHOS. Photosynthetic Organisms And Chemosynthetic Organisms