1. The War Behind the Lines Chapter 11, Section3 American Anthem

2. The Emancipation Proclamation Northern attitudes about the war began to change Some northerners thought that just saving the Union was not enough o They wanted the South to be punished by freeing its enslaved people o These Northerners believed that the South was to blame for the bloodshed that came as a result of the war But Lincoln did not think the Constitution gave him this power o He was eventually convinced he could because slavery gave the south the labor needed to continue the war Lincoln used constitutional power as Commander in Chief to end slavery in the rebelling states

3. The Emancipation Proclamation January 1, 1863 – Emancipation Proclamation o Freed the slaves in all areas that were in rebellion against the US o Emancipation – the act of freeing someone from slavery Reaction was mixed in the North o Abolitionists were upset that slavery was allowed to continue in states that were not in rebellion o Some opposed emancipation because they feared African Americans would increase competition for jobs in the North o Other Northerners supported emancipation because they believed it would shorten the war Reaction overseas was mixed o Britain (many abolitionists) felt Lincoln had not freed enough people o British government was not willing to take the side of a slave power that in a war that was now about ending slavery

4. Emancipation 1863

5. African Americans and the War Enslaved African Americans made a major contribution to the South’s war effort o Worked on farms that provided food for the South o Worked so white males could fight in the Confederate army Those that escaped, often joined the Union army Proclamation encouraged freedmen (those freed by emancipation) to join the Union army and navy o Freedmen often fought for segregated black regiments, led by white men At first they were used only for labor, but by late 1863, they were used in combat

6. African Americans and the War 18,000 African Americans served in the Union armies More than half had been enslaved when the war began By the end of the war – more than 1/10 of Union forces were African American African American troops fought in over 200 battles More than 38,000 African American troops died serving in the Union army

7. African American Recruiting Poster

8. Life in the Military Most of the troops who died in the Civil War did not die on the battlefield or for wounds that were a result of battle Disease was the greatest killer of soldiers For every one man that died in battle, there were two men who would die from disease

9. Wartime Medicine Vaccinations and antibiotics did not exist during the Civil War o Mumps, measles, and smallpox were diseases that were prevalent o Dysentery, cholera, and typhoid fever were results of poor sanitation and contaminated water supply Civil War doctors did not know about bacteria, which could spread disease and infection o Doctors would go days without washing their instruments or hands because they didn’t know better Battlefield wounds would shatter bones or cause infection

10. Wartime Medicine 1861 Lincoln approved the creation of the United States Sanitary Commission Staffed mainly by women volunteers Provided nurses and ambulance drivers Distributed food, clothing, and medical supplies Offered advice on sewage disposal, hygiene, disease prevention, and nutrition

11. Prison Camps At first, neither side really kept prisoners of war When African Americans started joining the Union army, this changed Confederate leaders said captured African American soldiers would be either enslaved or executed The number of prisoners held by each side increased Led to overcrowded prison camps

12. Andersonville and Elmira 1864 – Andersonville, Georgia o Built to hold 10,000 Union POWs, ended up holding over 30,000 o Single stream ran through the camp, which served as a sewer and a place for bathing and drinking o 100 prisoners died every day Elmira, New York o Held Confederate prisoners o After news of Andersonville reached Union troops, they limited Confederate POWs food to bread and water o Prisoners ate rats in order to get meat into their diet

13. The Southern Home Front Life was difficult in the South because of shortages o They did not have factories to make manufactured goods they needed o They did not have the food from farms because Union troops made it difficult o Inflation became a huge problem because the Confederacy was fighting the war on credit Food riots took place Thousands of troops deserted to return home and provide for their families

14. The Confederate Draft April 1862 - Confederacy enacted the first military draft in US history o Required three years service from white males 18-35 (changed to 17-50 in 1864) o Men in jobs critical to the war effort and men on large plantations with 20 or more slaves were excused Conscription – forced service in the military – extremely unpopular o Violated the limitation of national power that southerners were fighting for o Poor men were upset because they were fighting while the rich man was able to stay home

15. Copperheads and the Union Draft Union also instituted a draft in 1863 when they needed more men Union law allowed men who could afford it to hire substitutes to fight in their place If you were drafted, you could pay $300 to be excused Turned the war into a poor man’s fight Anti-draft riots erupted Draft fueled an anti-war movement Called those that supported the draft “copperheads” comparing them to poisonous snakes

17. Copperheads and the Union Draft Federal government arrested and jailed without trial vocal critics who opposed the war, draft, or emancipation This was legal because in 1862 Lincoln suspended habeas corpus Habeas corpus is the constitutional right of an arrested person to appear in court charged with a crime Lincoln justified this by saying that he was willing to violate the Constitution in order to save the nation

18. NYC Draft Riots, (July 13-16, 1863)

19. Women in the Civil War Hundreds of women acted and dressed as men to enlist in the army Some served as spies Women took over farms, plantations, stores, and other businesses, while the men fought Women in the north used new farm equipment to produce mass amounts of food to feed the army Northern factories hired women to produce the mass amounts of clothing and shoes needed Women on both sides produced ammunition, which was very dangerous work

21. Women in the Civil War Women formed societies to gather and send supplies to the army After the war, women went south to teach former slaves Women staffed government offices Women became nurses, which was a man’s job before the war Clara Barton – with other women, cared for the wounded on the battlefield o Later founded the American Red Cross