1. National Unification and The National State 12-3 Part I

2. Breakdown of the Concert of Europe By 1871 both Germany and Italy were unified, By 1871 both Germany and Italy were unified, – a change caused by the Crimean War. It was rooted in a conflict between Russia and the Ottoman Empire It was rooted in a conflict between Russia and the Ottoman Empire The breakdown of the Concert of Europe allowed Germany and Italy to unify without any outside interference The breakdown of the Concert of Europe allowed Germany and Italy to unify without any outside interference

3. Unification of Northern Italy In 1850 Austria was still the dominant power on the Italian Peninsula. In 1850 Austria was still the dominant power on the Italian Peninsula. After 1848 people looked to the northern Italian state of Piedmont to lead the fight for unification. After 1848 people looked to the northern Italian state of Piedmont to lead the fight for unification.

4. Unification of Northern Italy Camillo di Cavour was named prime minister by the king of Piedmont Camillo di Cavour was named prime minister by the king of Piedmont – Pursued economic expansion, which gave the government enough money to support a large army. He then made an alliance with the French emperor Louis-Napoleon He then made an alliance with the French emperor Louis-Napoleon

5. Unification of Northern Italy In 1859, he provoked the Austrians into invading Piedmont In 1859, he provoked the Austrians into invading Piedmont – resulted in a peace settlement that made Piedmont an independent state. Cavour’s success caused nationalists in other northern Italian states to overthrow their governments and join with Piedmont. Cavour’s success caused nationalists in other northern Italian states to overthrow their governments and join with Piedmont.

6. Unification in Southern Italy In southern Italy a new patriotic leader for unification emerged— Giuseppe Garibaldi. In southern Italy a new patriotic leader for unification emerged— Giuseppe Garibaldi. He raised an army of one thousand volunteers, called Red Shirts He raised an army of one thousand volunteers, called Red Shirts

7. Unification in Southern Italy France ruled the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies (Sicily and Naples). France ruled the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies (Sicily and Naples). – A revolt broke out in Sicily against the Bourbon king, and Garibaldi and his forces landed on the island. By July 1860 they controlled most of it. By July 1860 they controlled most of it.

8. Unification in Southern Italy Garibaldi turned his conquests over to Piedmont, and in 1861 a new Kingdom of Italy was proclaimed. Garibaldi turned his conquests over to Piedmont, and in 1861 a new Kingdom of Italy was proclaimed. King Victor Emmanuel II, king of Piedmont, was crowned ruler of Italy. King Victor Emmanuel II, king of Piedmont, was crowned ruler of Italy.

9. Unification of all Italy Italy’s full unification would mean adding Venetia, held by Austria, and Rome, held by the pope and supported by the French. Italy’s full unification would mean adding Venetia, held by Austria, and Rome, held by the pope and supported by the French. The Italian state allied with Prussia in the Austro-Prussian War of 1866. The Italian state allied with Prussia in the Austro-Prussian War of 1866.

10. Unification of all Italy When Prussia won, it gave Venetia to the Italians. When Prussia won, it gave Venetia to the Italians. France withdrew from Rome in 1870. France withdrew from Rome in 1870. – The Italian army annexed Rome that same year Rome became the capital of the united Italy. Rome became the capital of the united Italy.

11. The Beginning of German Unification Germans looked to Prussia for leadership in unification. Germans looked to Prussia for leadership in unification. In the 1860s King William I tried to enlarge the already powerful Prussian army by increasing taxes. In the 1860s King William I tried to enlarge the already powerful Prussian army by increasing taxes. When the legislature refused to levy the tax, William I appointed a new prime minister When the legislature refused to levy the tax, William I appointed a new prime minister – Otto von Bismarck.

12. Otto von Bismarck greatest nineteenth- century practitioner of realpolitik greatest nineteenth- century practitioner of realpolitik – practical politics little regard for ethics and an emphasis on power. little regard for ethics and an emphasis on power.

13. Otto von Bismarck He ignored the legislature on the matter of the army He ignored the legislature on the matter of the army – Collected taxes and strengthened it From 1862 to 1866, he governed Prussia without legislative approval. From 1862 to 1866, he governed Prussia without legislative approval.

14. Otto von Bismarck With Austria as an ally, he defeated Denmark and gained territory. With Austria as an ally, he defeated Denmark and gained territory. – then created friction with Austria the two countries went to war in 1866. the two countries went to war in 1866. The highly disciplined Prussian army defeated the Austrians in less than a month The highly disciplined Prussian army defeated the Austrians in less than a month

15. The North German Confederation Organization of the northern German states Organization of the northern German states Southern German states soon signed a military alliance with Prussia Southern German states soon signed a military alliance with Prussia

16. Reaction from the French France feared a strong German state France feared a strong German state The Franco-Prussian War broke out in 1870 The Franco-Prussian War broke out in 1870

17. Reaction from the French Prussia and its southern German allies handily defeated the French. Prussia and its southern German allies handily defeated the French. – An official peace treaty was signed in 1871 France paid 5 billion francs and gave up the provinces of Alsace and Lorraine to the new German state. France paid 5 billion francs and gave up the provinces of Alsace and Lorraine to the new German state. – The French burned for revenge over the loss of these territories

18. The Second German Empire The southern states eventually joined the Northern Confederation The southern states eventually joined the Northern Confederation On January 18, 1871, William I of Prussia was proclaimed Kaiser of the Second German State On January 18, 1871, William I of Prussia was proclaimed Kaiser of the Second German State