4. WHAT IS YOUR PAIN TOLERNCE?

5. Frostbite is a type of cold injury, and occurs when extreme cold causes localized damage to skin or other tissues freeze, resulting in blood clots in blood vessels, which reduce the supply of essential oxygen to tissues. (See References)

6. First Degree This is Frost nip and simply freezes the surface level of the skin. The skin will turn white and yellow and will cause itching and some pain. It may also become numb. (See References)

7. First Degree Frostbite

8. Second Degree At this point if freezing continues the skin may completely freeze and harden. The deep tissues will still remain unaffected. This will normally blister around 2 days after thawing. This normally results in full recovery, but might on occasion result in permanent lack of sensitivity to hot and cold in those areas. ( See References )

9. Second Degree Frostbite

10. 3 rd and 4th Degree At this degree the frostbite will freeze more deeply and start to affect muscles, tendons, blood vessels and nerves. At this point the skin will feel hard and waxy and you will lose use of the area temporarily and depending on the severity and duration – permanently. Deep frostbite will cause the area to develop purple or black blisters and this will often result in nerve and cell damage. Often the extremities will require amputation if it leads to an infection of gangrene, or might even fall off on their own. (See References)

13. 1 - five pound bag of Rival's rock salt 1 - two gallon glass fishbowl 1 - TruTemp instant read digital thermometer 1 - 12" ruler 1 - one stop watch 1 - roll of paper towels 2 - Body Comfort 3"X4" heating pads 3-bags of cubed ice

14. Steps of procedure: 1. Fill the two gallon fishbowl to the brim of the bowl with ice and add 200 ml of salt rock. Add cold tap water into the bowl until it reaches two inches from the top. Stir the saline water until the temperature lower to 27 0 Fahrenheit, using the thermometer to assure the temperature is correct. 2. Have the test subject (male/female) seated for the test.. 3. Explain to the subject the directions of the test. Directions are as follows: Remove all jewelry. Answer the questions of age, height, weight and sex for test data. Have the subject insert their hand into the bowl of ice water until they reach the bottom. The subject hand must remain open and motionless during the time of timing of the test. The subject must look at the bowl of ice water communicating with no one during the timing. Have the subject remove their hand once they have reached their pain threshold. Maximum time limit is three minutes. This is the safety measured time to prevent frostbite. After the subject removes his/her hand ask them to rate their pain from 1 to 10, with 10 being the highest level of pain. 4. Document time and the level of the subject pain tolerance.

17. Who has a higher tolerance to pain men or women?

18. Men have a greater pain tolerance, because of the genetic and psychological makeup.

19. 1. Fill the two gallon fishbowl to the brim of the bowl with the cubed ice. Add 200 ml of salt rock, then add cold tap water into the bowl until it reaches two inches from the top. Stir the saline water until the temperature lower to 27 0 Fahrenheit, use the thermometer to assure the correct temperature. 2. Have the test subject (male/female) seated for the test.. 3. Explain to the subject the directions of the test. Directions are as follows: Remove all jewelry. Answer the questions of age, height, weight and sex for test data. Have the subject insert their hand into the bowl of ice water until they reach the bottom. The subject hand must remain open and motionless during the time of timing of the test. The subject must look at the bowl of ice water communicating with no one during the timing. Have the subject remove their hand once they have reached their pain threshold. Maximum time limit is three minutes. This is the safety measured time to prevent frostbite. After the subject removes his/her hand ask them to rate their pain from 1 to 10, with 10 being the highest level of pain. 4. Document time and the level of the subject pain tolerance.

20. WOMEN Average age was 38 Average Weight 142 Average Height 5’3” Average time was 1:14 seconds. Longest time 3 minutes Shortest Time 24 Seconds MEN Average age was 32 Average Weight 206 Average Height 5’8” Average time was 2:20 seconds. Longest time 3 minutes Shortest Time 25 Seconds

21. The results of the test revealed that the men's averaged time was that of two minutes and twenty seconds, compared to the women's time of only one minute and fourteen second, a difference of one minute and six seconds.

22. Our claim was supported by our evidence. The nerves that control blood flow to the hands and feet are more sensitive in women than in men. So when the temperature drops, their vessels constrict more, warming blood flow slows, and their extremities.

24. How does a preoccupied mind handle pain tolerance compared to a mind that is focused solely on the pain from the experiment?

25. We believe that a preoccupied mind will have a higher tolerance of pain.

26. 1. Fill the two- gallon fishbowl to the brim of the bowl with the cubed ice. Add 200 ml of rock salt, then add cold tap water into the bowl until it reaches two inches from the top. Stir the saline water until the temperature lower to 27 o Fahrenheit, use the thermometer to assure the correct temperature. 2. Have the test subject seated for the test.. 3. Explain to the subject the directions of the test. Directions are as follows: Remove all jewelry. Have test subject confirm all of his/her data.. Have the subject insert his/her hand into the bowl of ice water until it reaches the bottom. The subject’s hand must remain open and motionless during the time of timing of the test. The subject must read the \article provided, and instructed that he/she will be tested on comprehension at the end of the session. Have the subject remove his/her hand once he/she has reached his/her pain threshold. The maximum time limit is three minutes. This is the safety measured time to prevent frostbite. After the subject removes his/her hand ask the person to rate the pain from 1 to 10, with 10 being the highest level of pain. 4. Document time and the level of the subject’s pain tolerance.

27. Five out of nine subjects had a slight increase in time. The average increase was 4.5 seconds.

28. Our claim was supported by our evidence. An occupied mind has a greater tolerance towards pain.

29. What effect does stirring the water have on the tolerance levels?

31. 1. Fill the two- gallon fishbowl to the brim of the bowl with the cubed ice. Add 200 ml of rock salt. Then add cold tap water into the bowl until it reaches two inches from the top. Stir the saline water until the temperature lower to 27 o Fahrenheit, use the thermometer to assure the correct temperature. 2. Have the test subject seated for the test.. 3. Explain to the subject the directions of the test. Directions are as follows: Remove all jewelry. Have test subject confirm all of his/her data.. Have the subject insert his/her hand into the bowl of ice water until it reaches the bottom. The subject’s hand must remain open and constantly stirring the water in a clockwise motion until the tolerance level has been reached. Have the subject remove his/her hand once he/she has reached his/her pain threshold. The maximum time limit is forty-five seconds. This is the safety measured time to prevent frostbite. After the subject removes his/her hand ask the person to rate the pain from 1 to 10, with 10 being the highest level of pain. 4. Document time and the level of the subject’s pain tolerance.

32. This tolerance level turned out to be is a good demonstration how salt depresses the freezing point of water. The salt allows the ice water molecules to slow down even further allowing the temperature of the water to reach below the freezing point. Agitating the water speeds up the process. Our testing resulted an average temperature of 21 0 F. With safety measures in place of 45 seconds, the average time of our subjects was 36 seconds. (See References)

33. Eskandari, M, MD., Real Simple Life Made Easier Every Day, Why Do So Many Women Have Cold Hands and Feet?, Retrieved October 17, 2011 from http://www.realsimple.com/health/first-aid-health-basics/12-health-mysteries- explained-10000001144108/page9.html Pain (2011), Dictionary, Retrieved October 17, 2011 from http://dictionary. reference.com/browse/Pain Salt and Ice (2011), Elementary Science Program, Retrieved October 16 2011 from http://www.espsciencetime.org/student_life.cfm?subpage=295673 Tolerance (2011), Dictionary, Retrieved October 17, 2011 from http://dictionary. reference.com/browse/Tolerance Wedro, B.MD,FACEP,FAAEM., 2011, EMedicine Health, Frostbite, Retrieved October 18 2011, from http://www.emedicinehealth.com/frostbite/article_em.htm