1. The Founding of China’s Republic HI 168: Lecture 5 Dr. Howard Chiang

2. Kang Youwei

3. Liang Qichao

4. Social & Political Reform: 1900-1910 Education: -Hanlin academicians studied Western learning national school system -October 1901 – national school system at each territorial level of government administration: county, prefecture, province, and capital -Run alongside traditional examinations eight-legged essay -Abandoned eight-legged essay Revolutionary Alliance Ministry of Education -1905: - end of civil service exam system (August 1905) - Russo-Japanese War – Russia defeat - Sun Yat-sen’s Revolutionary Alliance (Tongmenghui) - December: Ministry of Education – revolutionized the education system – curriculum and social impact

5. Yuan Shikai

6. Social & Political Reform: 1900-1910 Military: -Army of the Green Standard was disbanded -1901 traditional military exam system abolished Northern (Beiyang) Army -Baoding Military Academy founded by Yuan Shikai after the Boxer uprising -> Northern (Beiyang) Army Government: -abolished Yunnan, Hupei, and Guangdong governors -Foreign Ministry (1901); Ministry of Trade (1903), and Ministries of Police and Education (1905) -Constitutionalism based on Japanese model - mission to England, France, Germany, US, & Japan

7. Beiyang Army

8. Social & Political Reform: 1900-1910 Government: -Constitutionalism - critics demanded that the government move faster - August 1908: government announced 1916 for the promulgation of the constitution & 1917 parliament -‘Principles of Constitutionalism’: - ‘(1) The emperor of the Great Qing dynasty shall reign over and govern the great Qing empire with his majesty’s unbroken line of succession for ages eternal. (2) The emperor shall be sacred and involable’ - Qing emperor more powerful than Jap emperor -1910: constitution in 1912 and parliament in 1913

9. Empress Dowager Cixi - died Nov 15 1908

10. Prince Chun, Puyi (R), & Pujie (L)

11. Anti-Manchu Revolutionary Movement -Nationalism - boycott of American goods in May 1905 - Tatsu maru incident of 1908 -Reformists (Kang Youwei, Liang Qichao, etc.) vs. Revolutionaries (Sun Yat-sen) – radical action -1894 Revive China Society - 1905 Tongmenghui (Chinese Revolutionary Alliance) -1895-1911: 11 revolts total (final one in 1911) Three Principles of the People -Sun: 1. raising money in overseas Chinese communities 2. Three Principles of the People (sanming zhuyi): nationalism, democracy, and socialism

12. Sun Yat-sen - Sanming zhuyi

13. Sun Yat-sen and Tongmenghui Singapore Chapter, April 1906

14. Modern (since 1928) 5 Color (1912-1928)

16. 1911 Revolution (Wuchang Mutiny) -Wuchang on Yangzi River - 1 of the 3 cities (Hankou & Hanyang) making up modern Wuhan city in Hubei -Literary Association (Wenxueshe, 文學社 ) - Great River News newspaper -Society for Mutual Progress (Gongjinhui, 共進會 ) -Sep 1911: New Army at Wuchang -Oct 9 bombing in Russian concessions of Hankou -Oct 10: revolutionaries of 8 th Division attacked their officers -Yuan Shikai turned down Qing until Nov. 1 -Dec: revolutionaries offered Yuan presidency if he could bring about abdication of the Qing emperor

17. Pu Yi

18. Sun Yat-sen, February 25, 1912

19. Yuan Shikai, March 10, 1912 Second Provisional President of ROC

20. Song Jiaoren

21. Second Revolution -Yuan Shikai’s Dictatorship - ‘Great Loan’ - June 1913 – dismissed provincial governors who had supported GMD -‘Second Revolution’ - Anhu, Jiangsu, Guangdong, and Hunan immediately declared war on Yuan - ended by September 1 -> Sun fled to Japan and adopted the modern flag (official national flag 1928) -August 1915: Yuan declared himself as emperor - National Protection Army -June 6 1916: Yuan died

22. Yuan Shikai as Hongxian ( 洪憲 ) Emperor