1. Unit 13: How the body helps keep our body’s condition constant. 1

2. What is Regulation? Definition - life process that helps keep conditions inside the body constant (homeostasis) Regulation is accomplished using the Nervous System and the Endocrine System 2

3. Regulation Using The Nervous System NERVOUS SYSTEM Uses nerves to detect changes in the environment so the body can respond Composed of the Central Nervous System (CNS) and the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Uses neurons (nerve cells) 3

4. The Nervous System Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System Consists of the brain and the spinal cord Contains all other nerves that run through the legs and arms, which eventually connect to the spinal cord 4

5. The Nervous System - CNS The brain is divided into three main sections: - Cerebrum - Cerebellum - Medulla * Meningitis: When the membranes of the brain become inflamed 5

6. Brain Part Functions Cerebrum Cerebellum Medulla Part of the brain responsible for thinking, reasoning, memory, etc. Part of the brain that controls balance and coordination Part of the brain that controls automatic functions such as breathing and your heart beat 6

7. The Brain Cerebrum Medulla Cerebellum 7

8. The CNS - The Brain and Spinal Cord Attached at the base of the brain is the spinal cord The spinal cord carries messages from the nerves in the body to the brain Damage to the spinal cord can result in paralysis (loss of muscle control) Ex. Paraplegic (cannot walk) 8

9. Stimulus/Response Stimulus: a change in the external environment that triggers an impulse –Detected by receptors of the five senses (touch, taste, hearing, sight, smell) Response: the body’s reaction to a stimulus –Activated when the brain sends a message to the motor neuron which then activates the effector (muscle or gland) Ex. Bee sting (stimulus); swatting the bee away (response) 9

10. Reflexes How we respond to a stimulus is our behaviors Some behaviors are learned but others are reflexes (born with these behaviors) The reflex arc is the path a reflex takes through the body. 10

11. Reflexes cont… A reflex starts with the 1) receptor (recognizes the stimulus), goes to the 2) sensory neuron (sends signal to brain), to the 3) interneuron (routes the impulse to the correct part of the brain), to the 4) motor neuron (alerts the muscle), and then to the 5) effector (the muscle or gland) Ex. Touching hot stove 11

12. The PNS - Nerves of the Body The Peripheral Nervous System is the network of branching nerves from the spinal cord into other parts of the body (Nerves outside the brain and spinal cord) The peripheral nerves pick up stimuli from the environment and send it to the spinal cord and vice versa 12

13. PNS cont… 3 Types of neurons (nerve cells) sensory neurons motor neuronsinterneurons - found in receptors; carry messages to spinal cord - relay signals in the brain/spinal cord from the sensory neuron to the motor neuron - carry messages from inside the brain/spinal cord back to parts of the body 13

14. The Neuron - scientific for “nerve cell” Dendrite Nucleus Cyton Terminal branch Axon Neurotransmitter 14

15. Parts of a Neuron Impulse Dendrite Cyton Terminal branch An electrical or chemical message that is carried by a nerve cell Receive impulses from other neurons Contains nucleus End of cell; sends impulses to next cell 15

16. Parts of a Neuron Synapse Neurotransmitter Axon Gap between neurons Allow impulses to transfer between nerve cells Long fiber that carries impulse from cell body 16

17. Drugs of the Nervous System How do drugs impact our Nervous System? - slow us down; called depressants ex. Alcohol,Valium, morphine - speed us up; called stimulants ex. Caffeine, cocaine, nicotine 17

18. The Endocrine System 18

19. Regulation Using The Endocrine System ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Uses glands and the hormones they produce to regulate The glands release the hormones into the blood; called chemical regulation Slower responses than responses of the Nervous System 19

20. Endocrine Glands Gland/LocationHormoneFunction Pituitary (brain)Human Growth Hormone Controls growth and other glands; Master gland Thyroid (neck) *Parathyroid (also neck) Thyroxine *Parathyroid hormone Controls metabolic rate *Ca and Phosphorus use Adrenal (top of kidney)AdrenalinIncreases heart and breathing rate; fight or flight Islet of Langerhans (Pancreas) InsulinRegulates sugar levels in blood Testes (male)TestosteroneControls sperm production and secondary sex characteristics Ovaries (female)EstrogenControls egg production and secondary sex characteristics 20

21. Disruptions in Homeostasis GOITER -enlarged thyroid due to lack of iodine in diet -Iodine is found in fish and table salt 21

22. Disruptions in Homeostasis DIABETES -too little insulin released by the pancreas causing an increase in blood sugar -Can be regulated through diet and/or injections of insulin 22

23. Disruptions in Homeostasis GIANTISM -too much growth hormone -Andre the Giant suffered from giantism 23

24. Disruptions in Homeostasis DWARFISM -too little growth hormone produced -“Mini Me” in Austin Powers 24

25. Disruptions in Homeostasis Meningitis - inflammation of membranes (meninges) surrounding brain and spinal cord - bacterial or viral 25

26. RECAP: Regulation Review Regulation occurs using The Nervous System The Endocrine System Uses electrical firings and neurons to regulate Uses hormones and glands to regulate Fast Slower 26