1. Copyright (c) 2008, 2005 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

2. Copyright © 2005, Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 1 1 Copyright (c) 2008, 2005 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 1 An Introduction to the Structure and Function of the Body

3. 2 Copyright (c) 2008, 2005 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Learning Objectives Define the terms anatomy and physiology In order of increasing complexity, list and discuss the levels of organization in the body Define the term anatomical position

4. 3 Copyright (c) 2008, 2005 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Learning Objectives (cont’d.) List and define the principal directional terms and sections, or planes, used in describing the body and the relationship of body parts to one another List the nine abdominopelvic regions and the abdominopelvic quadrants

5. 4 Copyright (c) 2008, 2005 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Learning Objectives (cont’d.) List the major cavities of the body and the subdivisions of each Discuss and contrast the axial and appendicular subdivisions of the body. Identify a number of specific anatomical regions in each area

6. 5 Copyright (c) 2008, 2005 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Learning Objectives (cont’d.) Explain the meaning of the term homeostasis and give an example of a typical homeostatic mechanism

7. Copyright © 2005, Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 6 6 Copyright (c) 2008, 2005 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 1 Lesson 1.1

8. 7 Copyright (c) 2008, 2005 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Anatomy: the study of the structure of an organism and the relationships of its parts Physiology: the study of the functions of living organisms and their parts Anatomy and Physiology

9. 8 Copyright (c) 2008, 2005 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Structural Levels of Organization The body is a single organism constructed of the following smaller units:  Cells: organizations of various chemicals  Tissues: organizations of similar cells  Organs: organizations of different kinds of tissues  Systems: organizations of many different kinds of organs

10. 9 Copyright (c) 2008, 2005 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Structural Levels of Organization (cont’d.)

11. 10 Copyright (c) 2008, 2005 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Anatomical Position Standing erect with the arms at the sides and palms turned forward

12. 11 Copyright (c) 2008, 2005 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Anatomical Directions Superior: toward the head, upper, above Inferior: toward the feet, lower, below Anterior: front, in front of (same as ventral in humans) Posterior: back, in back of (same as dorsal in humans)

13. 12 Copyright (c) 2008, 2005 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Anatomical Directions (cont’d.) Medial: toward the midline of a structure Lateral: away from the midline or toward the side of a structure Proximal: toward or nearest the trunk, or nearest the point of origin of a structure Distal: away from or farthest from the trunk, or farthest from a structure ’ s point of origin

14. 13 Copyright (c) 2008, 2005 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Anatomical Directions (cont’d.) Superficial: nearer the body surface Deep: farther away from the body surface

15. 14 Copyright (c) 2008, 2005 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Anatomical Directions (cont’d.) Directions of the Body

16. 15 Copyright (c) 2008, 2005 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Sagittal plane: runs lengthwise; divides a structure into right and left sections Midsagittal plane: sagittal plane that divides the body into two equal halves Planes or Body Sections

17. 16 Copyright (c) 2008, 2005 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Planes or Body Sections (cont’d.) Frontal (coronal) plane: lengthwise plane that divides a structure into anterior and posterior, or front and back, sections Transverse plane: horizontal plane that divides a structure into upper and lower sections

18. 17 Copyright (c) 2008, 2005 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Planes or Body Sections (cont’d.) Directions of the Body

19. Copyright © 2005, Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 18 18 Copyright (c) 2008, 2005 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 1 Lesson 1.2

20. 19 Copyright (c) 2008, 2005 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Body Cavities

21. 20 Copyright (c) 2008, 2005 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Body Cavities (cont’d.) Ventral  Thoracic cavity  Mediastinum: midportion of thoracic cavity; heart and trachea are located in mediastinum  Pleural cavities: right lung located in right pleural cavity; left lung is in left pleural cavity

22. 21 Copyright (c) 2008, 2005 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Body Cavities (cont’d.) Dorsal  Cranial cavity contains brain  Spinal cavity contains spinal cord

23. 22 Copyright (c) 2008, 2005 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Body Cavities (cont’d.) Abdominopelvic cavity  Abdominal cavity contains stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and spleen  Pelvic cavity contains reproductive organs, urinary bladder, and the lowest part of the intestine

24. 23 Copyright (c) 2008, 2005 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Abdominopelvic Regions and Quadrants The Nine Regions of the Abdominopelvic Cavity

25. 24 Copyright (c) 2008, 2005 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Nine Abdominopelvic Regions Upper abdominopelvic regions  Right and left hypochondriac regions  Epigastric region

26. 25 Copyright (c) 2008, 2005 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Nine Abdominopelvic Regions (cont’d.) Middle regions  Right and left lumbar regions  Umbilical region

27. 26 Copyright (c) 2008, 2005 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Nine Abdominopelvic Regions (cont’d.) Lower regions  Right and left iliac (inguinal) regions  Hypogastric region

28. 27 Copyright (c) 2008, 2005 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Four Quadrants of the Abdominopelvic Cavity Right upper/superior Right lower/inferior Left upper/superior Left lower/inferior

29. 28 Copyright (c) 2008, 2005 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Four Quadrants of the Abdominopelvic Cavity (cont’d.) Division of the Abdominopelvic Cavity into Four Quadrants

30. 29 Copyright (c) 2008, 2005 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Body Regions Axial region: head, neck, and torso or trunk Appendicular region: upper and lower extremities Examples of descriptive terms for body regions: AreaBody region buccalcheek dorsalback pedal foot volarpalm or sole

31. 30 Copyright (c) 2008, 2005 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Body Regions (cont’d.) Axial and Appendicular Divisions of the Body

32. 31 Copyright (c) 2008, 2005 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. The Balance of Body Functions Survival depends on the maintenance or restoration of homeostasis Homeostasis: relative constancy of the internal environment Feedback loops: the body uses negative feedback loops, and less often, positive feedback loops to maintain or restore homeostasis

33. 32 Copyright (c) 2008, 2005 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. The Balance of Body Functions (cont’d.) Negative Feedback Loops

34. 33 Copyright (c) 2008, 2005 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. The Balance of Body Functions (cont’d.) All organs function to maintain homeostasis Body functions are related to age; peak efficiency is during young adulthood, diminishing efficiency occurs after young adulthood