1. Carbohydrates

2. OH H HO
CH2OH O
Carbohydrates:
Energy molecules

3. sugar - sugar - sugar - sugar - sugar
Carbohydrates
Building block molecules =
sugars
sugar - sugar - sugar - sugar - sugar
sugar

4. Carbohydrates Function: Examples quick energy energy storage structure
cell wall in plants
Examples
sugars
starches
cellulose (cell wall)
glucose C6H12O6
sucrose
starch

5. Sugars = building blocks
Names for sugars usually end in
glucose
fructose
sucrose
maltose
-ose OH H HO
CH2OH O
glucose
C6H12O6
fructose
maltose
sucrose

6. Building carbohydrates
Synthesis
2 sugars = disaccharide
monosaccharides |
glucose |
glucose |
maltose

7. Building carbohydrates
Synthesis
2 sugars = disaccharide
monosaccharides |
glucose |
fructose |
sucrose
(table sugar)

8. BIG carbohydrates Polysaccharides starch glycogen cellulose chitin
energy storage in plants
potatoes
glycogen
energy storage in animals
in liver & muscles
cellulose
structure in plants
cell walls
chitin
structure in arthropods & fungi
exoskeleton

9. Digesting starch vs. cellulose
enzyme
starch easy to digest
enzyme
cellulose hard to digest

10. Cellulose Cell walls in plants herbivores can digest cellulose well
most carnivores cannot digest cellulose
that’s why they eat meat to get their energy & nutrients
cellulose = roughage
stays undigested
keeps material moving in your intestines
Cross-linking between polysaccharide chains = rigid & hard to digest
The digestion of cellulose governs the life strategy of herbivores.
Either you do it really well and you’re a cow or an elephant or a horse (spend a long time digesting a lot of food with a little help from some microbes & have to walk around slowly for a long time carrying a lot of food in your stomach)
Or you do it inefficiently and have to supplement your diet with simple sugars, like fruit and nectar, and you’re a gorilla.

11. Cow Gorilla can digest cellulose well; no need to eat other sugars
can’t digest cellulose well; must add another sugar source, like fruit to diet

12. Helpful bacteria How can cows digest cellulose so well?
BACTERIA live in their stomachs & help digest cellulose-rich (grass) meals

13. Let’s build some Carbohydrates!
EAT X
Let’s build some
Carbohydrates!

14. Activities building starch by bonding together paper glucose molecules
eat carrots, celery, cookies