1. Healthy Living with Prebiotics and Probiotics
Yong D Hang PhD
Professor Emeritus
Cornell University
Food Science Department
Ithaca, New York

2. Latest health claims ✔ Prebiotic intake reduces anxiety and
prevents stroke, heart disease.
✔ Probiotics reduce the risk of cold-like symptoms.
✔ Probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri reduces gastrointestinal disorders in infants.
✔ Probiotics in yogurt are beneficial to brain function.

3. Prebiotic health claims
✔ beta-glucan (soluble fiber from oat)
A daily dose of at least 3g may reduce blood cholesterol levels and heart disease.
✔ Inulin (fructo-oligosaccharides)
A daily dose of 5 g may promote growth of good bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract and enhance health benefits.

4. Global Market Trend
The global market value for prebiotic & probiotic products was $16 billion in 2008 and will reach $30 billion by Global Industry Analysis (2012)

5. Statistics Product Percent (%) Food 91 Supplement 7 Ingredient 2
Total

6. What are prebiotics?
Prebiotics are defined as non-digestible food ingredients that beneficially affect the host by selectively stimulating the growth and/or activity of beneficial bacteria present in the gastrointestinal tract. Gibson & Roberfroid (1995)

7. Prebiotics FOS (Fructo-oligosaccharides)
Inulin
FOS (Fructo-oligosaccharides)
GOS (Galacto-oligosaccharides)
XOS (Xylo-oligosaccharides)
AXOS (Arabinoxylo-oligosaccharides)
GIOS (Gluco-oligosaccharides)
Soybean oligo-saccharides

8. Source of inulin Food Percent (%) Chicory root 65
Jerusalem artichoke
Dandelion green
Garlic
Onion
Asparagus
Wheat bran
Banana Moshfegh et al (1999)

9. Chicory roots

10. Jerusalem artichoke

11. Dandelion

12. Garlic

13. Inulin

14. FOS (Fructoologosaccharides)

15. Fiber Choice (Inulin)

16. Prebiotic coffee
Cover Photo-.webloc
Cover Photo-.webloc

17. Beta-Glucan

18. Cereal with oat beta-glucan

19. Cereal with wheat beta-glucan

20. Yeast beta-glucan

21. Products with yeast beta-glucan

22. Yogurt with yeast beta-glucan

24. Ganoderma lucidium

27. Inulin  A non-digestible fiber  A polymer of fructose (DP=2-60)
DP = 2 (glu-fru)
DP = 3 (Glu-fru-fru)
DP = 4 (Glu-fru-fru-fru)
DP = 5 (Glu-fru-fru-fru-fru)

28. FOS (Fructooligosaccharides)
The commonly known health-promoting FOS (fructo-oligosaccharides) include:
Nystose (Glu-Fru-Fru)
Kestose (Glu-Fru-Fru-Fru)
Fructosylkestose (Glu-Fru-Fru-Fru-Fru)

29. Oligosaccharides Fructosyltransferase Galactosyltransferase
Fructo-oligosaccharides  Sucrose
Galactosyltransferase
Galacto-oligosaccharides  Lactose
Glucosyltrasferase
Gluco-oligosaccharides  Maltose
Soybean oligo-saccharides
Raffinose (DP=3) Stachyose(DP=4)

30. Health benefits of prebiotics
Beneficial bacteria
Calcium absorption
Blood cholesterol
Stroke and heart disease
 Anxiety
✔Control weight gain and fat mass

31. Effect of prebiotics on probiotics by mouse fecal microflora
Prebiotic Bifidobacteria Lactobacilli Enterococci Mean Log CFU/g wet stool Control FOS GOS MOS Pan et al. ( 2009)

32. Health benefits of prebiotics
Treatment Prebiotic Dose
Diarrhea FOS 4 g, 3X/day
(C. difficile)
Constipation FOS >20 g/day
Body wt gain Inulin 5% or 10%, 4 wks
Body wt gain FOS 10%, 4 wks
Body wt gain inulin % , 3 wks
Saad et (2013); WGO

33. Prevention of stroke by prebiotics
High dietary intake (HDI) has an impact on the incidence and risk of stoke in generl population (Casiglia et al. 2013) The risk of stoke can be significantly reduced when the daily intake of soluble fiber is more than 25 g or insoluble fiber is >47 g.

34. What are probiotics? FAO/WHO 200)
Probiotics are defined by a United Nations and World Health Organisation Expert Panel as live microorganisms which when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host
FAO/WHO 200)

35. Probiotics
Lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria are used as probiotics. Bacillus coagulans and yeast (Saccharomyces boulardii) are also beneficial orgamisms.
Probiotics are commonly used as active live starter cultures in a wide variety of fermented food products.

36. Probiotic bacteria
Lactobacillus Bifidobacterium L. acidophilus B. adolescentis L. casei B. animalis L. paracasei B. bifidum L. plantarum B. breve L. reuteri B. infantis L. rhamnosus B. lactis

37. Lactobacillus acidophilus

38. Bifidobacterium bifidum

39. Bacillus coagulans

40. Mode of probiotic action
✔ Inhibit pathogenic growth
✔ IgA I(immunoglobulin A) production 
✔ Short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) 
Bacteriocin production
Superoxide radicals 
Compete for adhesion with pathogenic bacteria.
WGO

41. Health benefits of probiotics
Pathogens (H. pylori, C. difficile, E.coli)
Control antibiotic associated diarrhea
Lactose metabolism
 Blood cholesterol, stroke, heart disease
Immune system
 Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
Brain functions
 Cold-like symptoms

42. Health benefits of Probiotics
Prevention of antibiotic associated diarrhea
Probiotic Dose
L. casei CFU, 2x/d
S. boulardii 2 x 1010 CFU/d
L. rhamnosus CFU, 2x/d
WGO

43. Health benefits of probiotics
Eradication of Heliobacter pylori
Probiotic Dose
L. Rhamnosus x 109 CFU, 2x/d
S. Boulardii x 109 CFU daily
L. casei CFU, 2x/d
WGO

44. Health benefits of probiotics
Prevention of the recurrence of Clostridium difficile diarrhea
Probiotic Dose
L. casei CFU, twice daily
S. boulardii 2 x 1010 CFU/d
L. acidophilus 2 x 1010 CFU each/d
+ B. bifidum
WGO

45. Health benefits of probiotics
Alleviation of Irritable bowel syndrome Probiotic Dose B. infantis 108 CFU, once daily L. rhamnosus 1010 CFU, once daily B. animalis 1010 CFU, 2X/d WGO

46. Prebiotic and probiotic products
A wide variety of prebiotic and probiotic products are commercially available.
They are widely consumed for prevention of intestinal disorders.
The health claims must be based on the clinical test results accepted by the scientific community.

47. Description of a probiotic product
✔ Genus, species and strain
(Example: Lactobacillus casei Shirota)
✔ CFU at the end of shelf-life
✔ Storage conditions
✔ Recommended dose
Health effect allowable by law
Contact information
WGO

48. Dairy-based probiotic products
Acidophilus milk (US)
Chobani Greek yogurt (US)
Yakult (Japan)
Dannon Activia yogurt (France, US)
DanActive drink (France, US)
Prima Liv (Sweden)

49. Examples of probiotic foods
Prima Liv (Sweden) A milk-based product with L. plantarum 299v Yakult (Japan) A probiotic drink with Lactobacillus casei Shirota. Bifiene (Japan) A dairy-based beverage with B. breve Yakult Dannon Activia (France & USA) A low-fat yogurt contains B. animalis. Dannon DanActive (France & USA) A dairy-based drink with L. casei.

50. Probiotic drink with L. casei Shirota

51. Probiotic drink with L. casei DN114

52. Probiotic yogurt

53. Probiotic drinks

54. Probiotic Greek yogurt

55. Non-dairy probiotic products
ProViva fruit beverages (Sweden)
Good Belly splash (US)
Probiotic soymilk and yogurt
Tipton Mills instant coffee
Naked pizza

61. Non-dairy probiotic foods
ProViva (Sweden) An oatmeal-based fruit drink made with Lactobacillus plantarum 299V. Goodbelly (US) An oatmeal-based fruit drink produced with Lactobacillus plantarum 299V.

62. Production of ProViva Oatmeal & water  Malted barley flour 
Heat treatment
Fermentation (L. plantarum 299v) at 370C
Cooling to 4-8oC
Fermented oatmeal gruel
(Active constituent in ProViva)

63. ProViva
 A probiotic fruit drink launched in 1994 in Sweden.  A fermented oatmeal gruel mixed with fruit juice.  It contains > 1 x 1010 CFU of Lactobacillus plantarum 299v/L.  The product can be stored at refrigerator temperatures for 30 days without loss of probiotic viability.

64. Production of acidophilus milk
Pasteurized milk 
Inoculation with 5% L. acidophilus
Fermentation overnight at 37oC
Cooling to 5oC
Bottling & Storage at 5oC

65. Yogurt

66. Yogurt production Pasteurized milk 
Addition of S. thermophilus & L. bulgaricus
Fermentation at 40-45oC for h
Stirring & Cooling to 4-80C
Filling & Storage

67. Greek yogurt It takes 300 kg of milk to make 100 kg of Greek yogurt.
Greek yogurt is the yogurt that has been strained to remove more liquid (whey).
It takes 300 kg of milk to make 100 kg of Greek yogurt.
Greek yogurt is more nutritious and healthier than traditional yogurt.
Greek yogurt has gone viral in America in recent years.

68. Greek yogurt(5.3 oz, nonfat, plain)
Total fat: 0 grams Cholesterol: 10 milligrams Sodium: 50 milligrams Sugar: 6 grams Protein: 15 grams Calcium: 15 percent on a 2,000-calorie diet

69. Regular yogurt(6 oz. nonfat, plain)
Total fat: 0 grams
Cholesterol 5 milligrams
Sodium: 120 milligrams
Sugar: 12 grams
Protein: 9 grams
Calcium: 30 percent on a 2,000-calorie diet.

70. Probiotics in yogurt Greek yogurt Traditional yogurt
S. thermophilus S. thermphilus
L. bulgaricus L. bulgaricus
L. acidophilus
L. casei
Bifidobacterium bifidus

71. Synbiotics
Synbiotics are the products that contain both prebiotics and probiotics.
Synbiotics would have the beneficial health effects of both prebiotics and probiotics.

72. Benefits of synbiotics
Consumption of B. coagulans BC30 and subsequent use of prebiotics has resulted in elevated populations of beneficial bacteria and increased production of short chain fatty acid (SCFA).
Nyangale et al (2014)

73. Health effects of synbiotics
L. rhamnosus LGG has negated the beneficial effect of a prebiotic ingredient (FOS) in a piglet study.
The probiotic organism produces less butyric acid and has a significantly adverse effect on the activity of colonic beneficial bacteria.
Barnes et al (2012)

74. SCFA
SCFA (short chain fatty acids) produced during fermentation play an important role in maintaining good health and prevention of infection and intestinal disorders. Butyric acid is the preferred energy source for colonic epithelial cells and is involved in many cellular processes. It can be used as a biomarker to identify the synergistic prebiotic and probiotic combination for therapeutic use in individuals with intestinal failure. Tappenden, 2012

75. Effect of diet on SCFA production by human fecal microflora
Diet SCFA (mmol/L/h)
Acetate Propionate Butyrate
Glucose
Soy oligosaccharide
FOS
Inulin
Cellulose
Besten et al (2013)

76. Effect of diet on SCFA production by human fecal microflora
Diet SCFA (mmol/g/h)
Acetate Propionate Butyrate
Corn fiber
Oat bran
Wheat bran
Besten et al (2013)

77. Impact of SCFA on IBD SCFA ((umole/g) HS P Acetic 210 162
Propionic
Butyric
P: Patients with IBD (Inflammatory bowel disease)
HS: Healthy Subjects
Huda-Faujan et al. (2010)

78. Conclusions
Prebiotic and probiotic foods have many beneficial health effects.
 calcium absorption
lactose metabolism
Cholesterol, anxiety, stroke & heart disease
diarrhea and IBD
body weight gain and fat mass

79. Conclusions
✔ Not all prebiotics and probiotics are effective for all the health benefits.
✔ Each prebiotic or probiotic health benefit is oligosaccharide-specific or strain-specific.
✔ Consumption of prebiotics and probiotics could prevent intestinal disorders and provide better health.