1. DO YOU LIKE JUNK FOOD? DO YOU LIKE TO SLEEP LONGER IN YOUR BED? DO YOU TAKE ANTIBIOTICS OR POP A PILL AT THE FIRST INSTANCE OF A SORE THROAT OR COLD OR FEVER? ARE YOU STRESSED FOR SUBMITTING AN ASSIGNMENT/EXAMS/ENTRANCES/EMPLOYMENT/BREAK UP/LOSS OF SPOUSE/LOSS OF PARENT?

2. Have you ever wondered why some people have better immune systems than others? Do you know that antibiotics, excessive alcohol intake, stress, exposure to toxic substances, and other diseases can affect the gut microflora? Are these two points related?

3. The intestinal microbiota is important for maintenance of host health, providing energy, nutrients and protection against invading organisms. Colonic microbiota is relatively stable throughout adult life, however, age-related changes in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, as well as changes in diet and host immune system reactivity, inevitably affect population composition Intestinal microbiota and Immunity

4. Increased numbers of facultative anaerobes, in conjunction with a decrease in beneficial organisms such as the anaerobic lactobacilli and bifidobacteria, amongst other anaerobes, have been reported. These changes, along with a general reduction in species diversity in most bacterial groups, and changes to diet and digestive physiology such as intestinal transit time, may result in increased putrefaction in the colon and a greater susceptibility to disease. Resident bacteria within the human gut are considered to represent a crucial line of defence against colonization by potentially pathogenic micro-organisms dietary supplements containing prebiotics, probiotics and a combination of both of these, synbiotics.

5. Key changes to the intestinal microflora observed in elderly populations ABE: antibiotic treated elderly SCFA: short chain fatty acids

6. A probiotic is a live micro organism which, when given in adequate quantity, has an beneficial effect on the host. What is a probiotic? Ref: World Health Organisation A Probiotic is proven to survive the passage through the the passage through the gastro gastro-intestinal tract, intestinal tract, (where it exerts its effects on digestive system)

7. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are the most common type of microbes used. LAB have been used in the food industry for many years, because they are able to convert sugars (including lactose) and other carbohydrates into lactic acid. This not only provides the characteristic sour taste of fermented dairy foods such as yogurt, but also by lowering the pH may create fewer opportunities for spoilage organisms to grow, hence creating possible health benefits on preventing gastrointestinal infections. Strains of the genera Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, are the most widely used probiotic bacteria. [ [ Bacteria Responsible

8. A prebiotic can typically be CHOs (oligosaccharides); soluble fibre can also be included. It should increase the number and/or activity of bifidobacteria and lactic acid bacteria What is a prebiotic? “Non-digestible food ingredients that beneficially affect the host by selectively stimulating the growth and/or activity of one or a limited number of bacteria in the colon, and thus improve host health”

9. Traditional dietary sources of prebiotics include soybeans, inulin sources (such as Jerusalem artichoke, jicama, and chicory root), raw oats, unrefined wheat, unrefined barley and yacon. Some of the oligosaccharides that naturally occur in breast milk are believed to play an important role in the development of a healthy immune system in infants, but these are not considered prebiotics, as they do not act through the intestinal microflora. prebiotics

10. Activia®, a probiotic yogurt (Danone) Lactobacillus bulgaricus Bifidobacterium animalis DN-173 010 Streptococcus thermophilus + +

11. Activia contains BL, an exclusive live culture that resists gastric acids. BL reaches the intestine in large, live quantities. BL can then play its role on the intestinal flora. Regularize the intestinal transit. (Scientifically Proven) How does Activia works? Activia is a probiotic yogurt; contains 1 billion of Bifidobacterium animalis REGULARIS in each portion of 100g.

12. Activia®, a probiotic drink (Danone) Lactobacillus bulgaricus Streptococcus thermophilus + + Lactobacillus casei DN-114 001

13. DanActive helps strengthen your body’s natural defenses DanActive works on the 3lines of defenses in our gut DanActive is a probiotic drink; contains 10 8 cfu/g of Lactobacillus casei DEFENSIS in each bottle.

14. History of Probiotics Nobel laureate Eli Metchnikoff in 20 th Century “The ageing process results from the activity of putrefactive (proteolytic) microbes producing toxic substances in the large bowel. Proteolytic bacteria such as clostridia, which are part of the normal gut flora, produce toxic substances including phenols, indols and ammonia from the digestion of proteins.” Milk fermented with lactic-acid bacteria inhibits the growth of proteolytic bacteria because of the low pH produced by the fermentation of lactose Bifidobacterium bifidum Henry Tissier: isolated bifidobacteria from breast fed infants. It prevents growth of proteolytic bacteria.

15. In the 1960s the dairy industry began to promote fermented milk products containing Lactobacillus acidophilus. In subsequent decades other [Lactobacillus] species have been introduced including Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus casei, and Lactobacillus johnsonii, because they are intestinal species with beneficial properties German professor Alfred Nissle, in 1917 isolated a strain of Escherichia coli from the feces of a First World War soldier who did not develop enterocolitis during a severe outbreak of shigellosis. In those days, antibiotics were not yet discovered, and Nissle used the strain with considerable success in acute cases of infectious intestinal diseases (salmonellosis and shigellosis). Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 is still in use and is one of the few examples of a non-LAB probiotic. Lactobacillus bulgaricus

16. Potential Benefits Lactose Intolerance: lactose to lactic acid Prevention of Colon Cancer: LAB ability to bind with heterocyclic amines, which are carcinogenic substances formed in cooked meat Cholesterol Lowering Lowering Blood Pressure: due to the ACE (Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme) inhibitor-like peptides produced during fermentation Improving Immune Function and Preventing Infections: improve immune function by increasing the number of IgA-producing plasma cells, increasing or improving phagocytosis as well as increasing the proportion of T lymphocytes and Natural Killer cells Helicobacter pylori and Antibiotic-associated diarrhea Diarrhea: treat various forms of gastroenteritis. They might reduce both the duration of illness and the frequency of stools. Fermented milk products (such as yogurt) also reduce the duration of symptoms.

17. Reducing Inflammation: modulate inflammatory and hypersensitivity responses, due to the regulation of cytokine function Improving Mineral Absorption: correct malabsorption of trace minerals Prevents Harmful Bacterial Growth Under Stress Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) and Colitis symptom-based diagnosis characterized by chronic abdominal pain, discomfort, bloating, and alteration of bowel habits. As a functional bowel disorder, IBS has no known organic cause. Onset of IBS is more likely to occur after an infection (post- infectious, IBS-PI), a stressful life event, or onset of maturity. The most common theory is that IBS is a disorder of the interaction between the brain and the gastrointestinal tract, although there may also be abnormalities in the gut flora or the immune system.

18. Antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD) results from an imbalance in the colonic microbiota caused by antibiotic therapy. Microbiota alteration changes carbohydrate metabolism with decreased short-chain fatty acid absorption and an osmotic diarrhea as a result. Another consequence of antibiotic therapy leading to diarrhea is overgrowth of potentially pathogenic organisms such as Clostridium difficile. Probiotic treatment might reduce the incidence and severity of AAD as indicated in several meta-analyses. For example, treatment with probiotic formulations including Lactobacillus rhamnosus may reduce the risk of antibiotic-associated diarrhea, improve stool consistency during antibiotic therapy

19. Heterocyclic amines: chemical compounds containing at least one heterocyclic ring, which by definition has atoms of at least two different elements, plus the compound has at least one amine group. The biological function of heterocyclic amines can range from those of vitamins to carcinogens. Carcinogenic heterocyclic amines are created by high temperature cooking of meat (barbeque), for example.

20. A classic example of a superinfection resulting from antibiotic administration is the disease pseudomembranous enterocolitis caused by Clostridium difficile. When a patient is treated with clindamycin, ampicillin, or cephalosporin, many intestinal bacteria are killed, but C. difficile is not. This intestinal inhabitant, which is normally a minor constituent of the population, flourishes in the absence of competition and produces a toxin that stimulates the secretion of a pseudomembrane by intestinal cells. If the superinfection is not treated early with vancomycin, the pseudomembrane must be surgically removed or the patient will die. Fungi, such as the yeast Candida albicans, also produce superinfections when bacterial competition is eliminated by antibiotics. Super infection: is a condition produced by sudden growth of a type of bacteria different from the original offenders in a wound or lesion under treatment, such as Clostridium difficile overgrowth post antibiotic treatment.

21. Angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor (ACE) is a pharmaceutical drug used primarily for the treatment of hypertension (high blood pressure) and congestive heart failure. Synthesized from compounds found in pit viper venom, ACE inhibitors inhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme ( a component of the blood pressure-regulating renin-angiotensin system increases BP ), thereby decreasing the tension of blood vessels and blood volume, thus lowering blood pressure. Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system: Renin Low BP--  Angiotensin----  aldosterone from adrenal (decr in Na in DCT and blood vol by SNS) Kidney (JGC) Renin----  Angiotensin I----  Angiotensin II--  vasoconstriction----  incr BP ACE

22. IgA: mucosal immunity IgA is the main immunoglobulin found in mucous secretions, including tears, saliva, colostrum and secretions from the genitourinary tract, gastrointestinal tract, prostate and respiratory epithelium. It is also found in small amounts in blood. The secretory component of sIgA protects the immunoglobulin from being degraded by proteolytic enzymes, thus sIgA can survive in the harsh gastrointestinal tract environment and provide protection against microbes that multiply in body secretions. Oral vaccines: Polio drops give mucosal immunity

24. It is also possible to increase and maintain a healthy bacterial gut flora by increasing the amounts of prebiotics in the diet such as inulin, raw oats, and unrefined wheat. As probiotics are mainly active in the small intestine and prebiotics are only effective in the large intestine, the combination of the two may give a synergistic effect. Appropriate combinations of pre- and probiotics are synbiotics Synbiotics

26. Japanese probiotic milk-like product made by fermenting a mixture of skimmed milk with a special strain of the bacteria Lactobacillus casei Shirota. By Minoru Shirota in 1930 Standard Yakult (excludes variations such as in Yakult Light) contains : Sugar (sucrose) to balance sourness with sweetness. Skim milk powder Dextrose Natural flavours Live Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota, 6.5 billions per 65 mL bottle (concentration of 10 8 CFU/mL) Water

27. physiological state of the added probiotic in the food physicochemical conditions of food processing physical conditions of product storage, like temperature chemical composition of the product, such as content of nutrients, oxygen (Bifidobacterium) or pH interactions with other product components, that can be inhibitory or protective Effect of factors on Survival of probiotics in FOOD

28. Live probiotic cultures are available in fermented dairy products and probiotic fortified foods. However, tablets, capsules, powders and sachets containing the bacteria in freeze dried form are also available. Industrial Use

29. Some additional forms of lactic acid bacteria include: 1.Lactobacillus bulgaricus 2.Streptococcus thermophilus 3."Lactobacillus bifidus" - became new genus Bifidobacterium Some fermented products containing similar lactic acid bacteria include: 1.Pickled vegetables 2.Fermented bean paste such as tempeh, 3. miso and doenjang 4.Kefir 5.Buttermilk or Karnemelk 6.Kimchi 7.Pao cai 8.Sauerkraut 9.Soy sauce 10.Zha ca