1. Chapter 11 Section 1 Where is Industry Distributed?

2. World Industrial Regions Europe – Western Europe – Eastern Europe North America – U.S. industrial areas – Canada’s industrial areas East Asia

3. Industry It is the manufacturing of goods in factories by machines Industrial Revolution started in Britain around 1750 and spread to America and Western Europe by the early 1800s and the rest of the world’s current MDCs early 1900 and LDCs in the 1900s

4. Industry Before industry you had cottage industry where people made stuff by hand in their homes The Industrial Revolution increased productivity, mass production, standard of living, exports and imports, world trade, inventions, etc… Until the 1970s, it was mostly in MDCs but is spreading more and more to LDCs

5. Manufacturing Value Added Fig. 11-1: The world’s major manufacturing regions are found in North America, Europe, and East Asia. Other manufacturing centers are also found elsewhere.

6. Where is it distributed? Europe: western Europe was one of the first to develop- four main industrial districts: the UK, the Rhine-Ruhr Valley, the mid- Rhine, and northern Italy (these became important because of their proximity to raw materials and markets)

7. Western Europe Hubs United Kingdom- where it started Dominated industry in the 1800s Focused on textiles (cloth), iron, and coal Centered on northern England and southern Scotland First into the revolution but saddled down with old factories and methods and lost the role of industrial leader in the 1900s

8. Industrial Revolution Hearth Fig. 11-3: The Industrial Revolution originated in areas of northern England and southern Scotland. Factories often clustered near coalfields.

9. Western Europe Hubs Rhine-Ruhr Valley- most important industrial center in Europe- lies in northwestern Germany and into Belgium, France, and the Netherlands along the Rhine River and in the Ruhr Valley Dispersed throughout the region- not in huge cities but in many smaller ones Lots of iron, coal, and steel manufacturing and other heavy industries

10. Western Europe Hubs Mid-Rhine- along the Rhine River in southwestern Germany, northeastern France, and in Luxembourg (small country) Center of consumer market, fewer natural resources than the Rhine-Ruhr 2 nd most important area Rose to importance post WWII Lots of iron ore and steel production

11. Western Europe Hubs Northern Italy- the revolution spread to southern and eastern European countries later- mostly in the 1900s Northern Italy joined then becoming and important industrial center around the Po River Began with textiles Two major assets- workers willing to accept lower wage compared to other European countries and cheap hydroelectricity

12. Manufacturing Centers in Western Europe Fig. 11-2: The major manufacturing centers in Western Europe extend in a north-south band from Britain to Italy.

13. Diffusion of Railways Fig. 11-4: The year by which the first railway opened shows the diffusion of railways and the Industrial Revolution from Britain.

14. Where is it distributed? Eastern Europe: spread to in the 1800s, main districts (Central Industrial District around Moscow, St. Petersburg, Volga, Ural, Kuznetsk, Eastern Ukraine, Silesia

15. Manufacturing Centers in Eastern Europe and Russia Fig. 11-5: Major manufacturing centers are clustered in southern Poland, European Russia, and the Ukraine. Other centers were developed east of the Urals.

16. Where is it distributed? Central Industrial District- centered on Moscow in Russia- around the largest market and have skilled laborers- not the most natural resources though- textiles, chemicals, light industrial goods

17. Where is it distributed? St. Petersburg Industrial District: centered on St. Petersburg (2 nd largest city in Eastern Europe), near the Baltic Sea, lots of shipbuilding and naval products, processed foods, textiles, chemicals

18. Where is it distributed? Volga Industrial District: on the Volga and Kama Rivers, large petroleum and natural gas fields, produce oil, vehicles, chemicals, metals, leather and fur products

19. Where is it distributed? Ural Industrial District: centered on the Ural Mountains, over 1,000 types of minerals, lots of iron and steel manufacturing, chemicals, machinery, fewer cheap energy sources though- even short on coal

20. Where is it distributed? Kuznetsk- most important manufacturing center for Russia east of the Urals, lots of coal and iron ore

21. Where is it distributed? Eastern Ukraine- lots of coal, lots of iron, manganese, natural gas, lots of iron and steel production

22. Where is it distributed? Silesia- Eastern Europe, includes southern Poland and the northern part of the Czech Republic, lots of coal

23. Manufacturing Centers in Eastern Europe and Russia Fig. 11-5: Major manufacturing centers are clustered in southern Poland, European Russia, and the Ukraine. Other centers were developed east of the Urals.

24. Where is it distributed? North America- spread to in the late 1700s and early 1800s, US main districts: New England, Mid-Atlantic, Mohawk Valley, Pittsburgh-Lake Erie, Western Great Lakes Canada: St. Lawrence Valley- Ontario Peninsula Only 5 percent of the land area, 1/3 population, 2/3s manufacturing output

25. Industrial Regions of North America Fig. 11-6: The major industrial regions of North America are clustered in the northeast U.S. and southeastern Canada, although there are other important centers.

26. Where is it distributed? New England- oldest industrial area, good for trade, largest market, lots of water access, good hydroelectricity, good fall lines, focused on cotton textiles, today still industrial but mostly offers skilled, expensive labor

27. Where is it distributed? Middle Atlantic- between NYC and Washington, DC, the largest US market today, attracts manufacturers who want/need to be near their market, again skilled but expensive labor

28. Where is it distributed? Mohawk Valley- upper New York along the Hudson River and Erie Canal, good resources, lots of hydroelectricity, skilled but expensive labor today

29. Where is it distributed? Pittsburgh-Lake Erie- around Ohio and Pennsylvania and on Lake Erie, lots of iron and coal, most important steel producer in the 1800s, produces lots of heavy steel products

30. Where is it distributed? Western Great Lakes- goes from Detroit, Michigan and Toledo, Ohio to Chicago, Illinois and Milwaukee, Wisconsin along the Great Lakes, large market (particularly Chicago- 3 rd largest in US), good transportation, central location, lots of vehicle production, machinery, textiles Because its lost some factories/industry and was so heavily focused on vehicles, it is sometimes called the Rust Belt

31. Where is it distributed? Canadian Industry- most important along the St. Lawrence Valley and the Ontario Peninsula along the US border Central to biggest Canadian market, close to Great Lakes for cheap hydroelectricity, close to US

32. Industrial Regions of North America Fig. 11-6: The major industrial regions of North America are clustered in the northeast U.S. and southeastern Canada, although there are other important centers.

33. Where is it distributed? East Asia: spread to in the late 1800s and early 1900s, was relatively isolated, fewer essential resources than the other regions (coal, iron, minerals of value, petroleum) but lots of labor, major areas: Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, China

34. Manufacturing Centers in East Asia Fig. 11-7: Many industries in China are clustered in three centers near the east coast. In Japan, production is clustered along the southeast coast.

35. Where is it distributed? Japan- lost in WWII, but got help and some oversight from the US, and became an industrial power in the 1950s and 1960s, low wage labor, cheaper products, then started focusing on producing high skill labor to compete with other Asian powers that offered low wage labor, few natural resources, lots of labor, in the 1970s and 1980s became known for quality electronics and precision instruments at reasonable prices- huge production of cars, ships, cameras, stereos, and tvs, most focused between Tokyo and Nagasaki

36. Where is it distributed? South Korea- with help and support from the US post WWII and Korean War, it has become an industrial power, large labor force, focused on skilled labor for cheaper wages, produce cars, machinery, electronics, and textiles

37. Where is it distributed? China- 2 nd largest manufacturer in the world in measured output, largest labor force in the world in industry and manufacturing, clustered on East coast of China, lots of labor working for low wages, trying to push more skilled labor now and get rid of the reputation of cheap goods in price and quality

38. Where is it distributed? Taiwan- wants to be recognized as independent from China, lots of labor, limited resources, an island, good access for trade, focus on skilled labor

39. Manufacturing Centers in East Asia Fig. 11-7: Many industries in China are clustered in three centers near the east coast. In Japan, production is clustered along the southeast coast.

40. WHY DO INDUSTRIES HAVE DIFFERENT DISTRIBUTIONS? Chapter 11 Section 2

41. Industrial Location Factors Situation factors – Proximity to inputs – Proximity to markets – Transport choices Site factors – Labor – Land – Capital

42. Industry Tries to maximize profits by minimizing production costs A company faces two geographical costs: situation and site Situation factors involve transporting materials to and from a factory Site factors include unique characteristics of a location that impact industry

43. Industry Situation factors: – Proximity to inputs Companies that make a product from materials expensive to transport locate near the raw materials – Proximity to markets Companies that make a product that is expensive to transport locate near markets

44. Situation: Proximity to Inputs Every industry uses inputs- resources, parts from other companies, water, etc…. If the stuff is really bulky, the company wants to locate near the source of input Copper and steel industries Bulk-reducing industries: an economic activity where the final product weighs less than the inputs

45. Copper Industry in North America Fig. 11-8: Copper mining, concentration, smelting, and refining are examples of bulk- reducing industries. Many are located near the copper mines in Arizona.

46. Copper Mine in Arizona The Lavender Pit Copper Mine in Bisbee, Arizona operated between 1951 and 1974.

47. Integrated Steel Mills Fig. 11-9: Integrated steel mills in the U.S. are clustered near the southern Great Lakes, which helped minimize transport costs of heavy raw materials.

48. U.S. Steel Mill (Gary, Indiana) The integrated steel mill of U.S. Steel in Gary, Indiana.

49. Nucor Steel Minimills Fig. 11-10: Minimills produce steel from scrap metal, and they are distributed around the country near local markets. Nucor is the largest minimill operator.

50. Situation: Proximity to Markets When industries produce their product, they have to look at where the market is Some industries are bulk-gaining industries This is an industry that makes something that gains volume or weight during production They are more expensive to transport to market so they want to be located closer to the markets

51. Situation: Proximity to Markets These markets include textiles, fabricated metals and machinery, bottling companies, breweries, car plants, single-market manufacturers (like parts producers for vehicles make them for vehicle producers), perishable products (milk, bread, newspapers that run daily)

52. Location of Beer Breweries Fig. 11-11: Beer brewing is a bulk-gaining industry that needs to be located near consumers. Breweries of the two largest brewers are located near major population centers.

53. Chevrolet Assembly Plants, 1955 Fig. 11-12a: In 1955, GM assembled identical Chevrolets at ten final assembly plants located near major population centers.

54. Chevrolet Assembly Plants, 2007 Fig. 11-12b: In 2007, GM was producing a wider variety of vehicles, and production of various models was spread through the interior of the country.

55. Site Selection for Saturn Fig. 11-1.1: GM considered a variety of economic and geographic factors when it searched for a site for producing the new Saturn in 1985. The plant was eventually located in Spring Hill, TN.

56. Motor Vehicle Parts Plants Fig. 11-13: U.S.-owned parts plants are clustered near the main final assembly plants. Foreign- owned plants tend to be located further south, where labor unions are weaker.

57. Situation: Proximity to Markets Have to decide the best way to ship: ship, rail, truck, or air Regardless of means, the cost rises each time that inputs or products are transferred from one mode to another The break-of-bulk point is the location where transfer among transportation modes is possible Remember, industries try to minimize costs to maximize profit

58. Container Ship in Seattle Harbor Most shipped goods are packed in uniformly sized containers that can quickly be transferred from ships to trucks or trains.

59. Site Factors: Labor, Land, and Capital Three main site factors (where to locate) are labor, land, and capital The cost of these three factors vary from one place to another The most important one is labor Minimizing labor costs saves a lot of money Labor costs vary widely around the world

60. Site Factors: Labor Over 150 million people around the world are employed in manufacturing China has 20% The US has 10% A labor-intensive industry is one in which wages and compensation paid to employees makes up much of the costs of running the industry

61. Site Factors: Labor In the US, labor costs average 11 percent of costs- a labor-intensive industry would be much higher In North America, Western Europe, and other MDCs, the average wage is around 20 dollars an hour plus benefits In LDCs, the average wages are less than 5 dollars and hour with limited benefits

62. Site Factors: Labor The production of textiles is a labor-intensive industry It takes a lot of less-skilled, low-cost workers It accounts for 6% of the value of world manufacturing but 14% of the manufacturing labor force The steps in this industry include spinning fibers into yarn, weaving or knitting yarn into fabric, the cutting and sewing of fabric into clothing

63. Child Labor in Textile Mills Child labor was common in the textile industry, which was transformed in the Industrial Revolution. Many spools of thread could be spun simultaneously if they were connected to a steam engine.

64. Cotton Yarn Production Fig. 11-14a: Production of cotton yarn from fiber is clustered in major cotton growing countries, including the U.S., China, India, Pakistan, and Russia.

65. Distribution of Cotton Yarn Production Fig. 11-14b: Three-quarters of cotton yarn is produced in less developed countries.

66. Chinese Textile Mill Fig. 11-14c: Machine spinning spools of cotton at a textile mill in Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China.

67. Woven Cotton Fabric Production Fig. 11-15a: Production of woven cotton fabric is labor intensive and is likely to be located in LDCs. China and India account for over 75% of world production.

68. Distribution of Woven Cotton Fabric Production Fig. 11-15b: Over 80% of cotton fabric production is located in less developed countries.

69. Cotton Factory in India Fig. 11-15c: Cotton looms in a factory in India.

70. Trouser Production Fig. 11-16a: Sewing cotton fabric into men’s and boys’ trousers is more likely to be located in developed countries, but much production now occurs in LDCs.

71. Distribution of Trouser Production Fig. 11-16b: The majority of trouser production is in MDCs, near customers.

72. New York Garment District Fig. 11-16c: Women sewing garments in the Garment District in New York.

73. Site Factors: Land All industries must have land The availability of land fit for industry is pretty good It is a critical site factor though if considered to encompass not just terra firma but natural and human resources Climate, topography, recreational opportunities, cultural facilities, and cost of living matter

74. Site Factors: Land They may be attracted to areas with low-cost energy sources, bodies of water for production and trade, the availability of natural resources there Electricity has made it much easier to locate in areas other than those with heavy forest for wood-burning or coal for burning as well

75. Site Factors: Capital Manufacturers typically borrow funds to build factories or expand existing ones It often helps to be located near the sources of capital Banks in Silicon Valley, CA financed a lot of businesses and so those businesses often located there ¼ of all capital in the US is spent on industries in Silicon Valley