1. Grammar

2. Parts of Speech Nouns: Name a person, place, or thing. Nouns: Name a person, place, or thing. Verbs: Express action, condition, or state of being. Verbs: Express action, condition, or state of being. Conjunctions: Connect words or groups of words Conjunctions: Connect words or groups of words Prepositions: Link nouns or pronouns to another word. Prepositions: Link nouns or pronouns to another word.

3. Parts of Speech cont. Subject: Tells who or what the sentence about: a subject is a noun or pronoun. Subject: Tells who or what the sentence about: a subject is a noun or pronoun. Predicate: Tells what the subject is or does. The verb is found in the predicate. Predicate: Tells what the subject is or does. The verb is found in the predicate.

4. Four Basic Types of Verbs Action Action Linking Linking Helping Helping Verb Phrases Verb Phrases

5. Action Verbs Tell what the subject does. For example: Tell what the subject does. For example: Jump, kiss, or laugh Jump, kiss, or laugh Action verbs can be transitive or intransitive Action verbs can be transitive or intransitive Transitive verbs need a direct object. Transitive verbs need a direct object. The boss dropped the ball. The boss dropped the ball. The workers picked it up. The workers picked it up. Intransitive do NOT need a direct object Intransitive do NOT need a direct object Who called ? Who called ? Icicles dripped from his voice? Icicles dripped from his voice?

6. Linking Verbs Join the subject and the predicate Join the subject and the predicate Do not show action Do not show action They help the words at the end of the sentence name and describe the subject. They help the words at the end of the sentence name and describe the subject. Most common linking verbs: be, feel, grow, seem, smell, remain, appear, sound, stay, look, taste, turn, become. Most common linking verbs: be, feel, grow, seem, smell, remain, appear, sound, stay, look, taste, turn, become.

7. Linking Verbs cont. Linking verbs can also be used as action verbs Linking verbs can also be used as action verbs Linking: The kids looked sad. Linking: The kids looked sad. Action: I looked for the dog in the pouring rain. Action: I looked for the dog in the pouring rain.  To determine whether a verb is being used as a linking or an action verb, use: am, are, or is for the verb. If the sentence makes sense with the substitution, the original verb is a linking verb.

8. Helping Verbs Helping verbs are added to another verb to make the meaning clearer. Helping verbs are added to another verb to make the meaning clearer. Include any form of to be: do, does, did, have, has, had, shall, should, will, would, can, could, may, might, must. Include any form of to be: do, does, did, have, has, had, shall, should, will, would, can, could, may, might, must. They will run before dawn. They will run before dawn. They do have a serious problem. They do have a serious problem.

9. Conjunctions Connect words or groups of words and show how they are related. Connect words or groups of words and show how they are related. There are three kinds of conjunctions: There are three kinds of conjunctions: Coordinating conjunctions FANBOYS Coordinating conjunctions FANBOYS for, and, but, or, yet, so, nor for, and, but, or, yet, so, nor Correlative conjunctions Correlative conjunctions both…and, either…or, neither…nor, not only…but also, whether…or both…and, either…or, neither…nor, not only…but also, whether…or Subordinating conjunctions Subordinating conjunctions Link an independent clause (a complete sentence) to a dependent clause (a fragment). Link an independent clause (a complete sentence) to a dependent clause (a fragment).

10. Subordinating Conjunctions After After Although Although As, as if As, as if As long as As long as As soon as As soon as As though As though Because Because Until Until When When Wherever Wherever Before Before Even though Even though If If In order that In order that Since Since So, so that So, so that Though Though Till Till Unless Unless Whenever Whenever

11. What is a preposition? Prepositions are words that link a noun or a pronoun to another word in the sentence. Prepositions are words that link a noun or a pronoun to another word in the sentence. Prepositions are used to show the relationship between a noun or pronoun and some other word in the sentence. Prepositions are used to show the relationship between a noun or pronoun and some other word in the sentence. A noun ALWAYS follows a preposition A noun ALWAYS follows a preposition

12. Prepositions about, above, across, after, against, along, amid, around, as, at, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, between, beyond, but, by, despite, down, during, except, for, from, in, inside, into, like, near, of, off, on, onto, opposite, out, outside, over, past, since, through, toward, under, underneath, until, upon, with, within, without. about, above, across, after, against, along, amid, around, as, at, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, between, beyond, but, by, despite, down, during, except, for, from, in, inside, into, like, near, of, off, on, onto, opposite, out, outside, over, past, since, through, toward, under, underneath, until, upon, with, within, without.

13. Prepositional Phrase A prepositional phrase includes: the preposition, its object, and any modifiers of the object: up the steep hill. A prepositional phrase includes: the preposition, its object, and any modifiers of the object: up the steep hill. May have a compound object. May have a compound object. A prepositional phrase can be two or three words long: A prepositional phrase can be two or three words long: on the wing on the wing in the door in the door near the violently swaying oak trees near the violently swaying oak trees on account of his nearly depleted bank account on account of his nearly depleted bank account

14. You Try… You are slower than a herd of turtles stampeding through peanut butter. You are slower than a herd of turtles stampeding through peanut butter. A pat on the back is only a few centimeters from a kick in the butt. A pat on the back is only a few centimeters from a kick in the butt. Of course he will help himself to the biggest portion, he’s a piggy. Of course he will help himself to the biggest portion, he’s a piggy. If it wasn’t for the last minute, nothing would get done. If it wasn’t for the last minute, nothing would get done.

15. Answers You are slower than a herd of turtles stampeding through peanut butter. You are slower than a herd of turtles stampeding through peanut butter. A pat on the back is only a few centimeters from a kick in the butt. A pat on the back is only a few centimeters from a kick in the butt. Of course he will help himself to the biggest portion, he’s a piggy. Of course he will help himself to the biggest portion, he’s a piggy. If it wasn’t for the last minute, nothing would get done. If it wasn’t for the last minute, nothing would get done.