1. UNIVERSITY OF ILORIN FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY AND WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT COURSE TITLE: Introduction to Forestry and Wildlife COURSE CODE:AGY206 TOPIC: Scope and Importance of Forestry and Wildlife Management GROUP:GROUP ONE (I) AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION LECTURER IN CHARGE: DR AMUSA

2. INTRODUCTION The word forest to some is an impediment to development and must be destroyed, some believe it to be the abode of the dead, evil spirit and anything diabolic. Still others link forest with poisonous snake, lethal scorpions and deadly spiders. Forest however is an exhaustible but renewable natural resources, this means that forest resources is biologically renewable they can grow and regrow after harvesting on the same site. Forest makes up one of the major landscape of the world. The forest and the forest resources are very important in developing and developed nations. This topic buttresses the need for us to be aware of the untapped resources in Nigerian forest and the benefit we can derive from it.

3. SUB TOPICS  CLARIFICATION OF TERMS  Forest  Forestry  Forest Management  Wildlife  Wildlife Management  FOREST AND WILDLIFE RESOURSES IN NIGERIA  DIFFERENT TIMBERS AND NON TIMBERS SPECIES  VARIOUS PRIMATES, SNAKES, MAMMALS, BIRDS LIVING IN THE NIGERIAN FOREST  CONSERVATION STATUS OF ANIMAL LIVING IN NIGERIAN FOREST  Endemic  Threatened  Endangered  GAME RESERVES AND WILDLIFE TOURIST ATTRACTION CENTERS IN NIGERIA  IMPORTANCE OF FOREST AND WILDLIFE RESOURCES IN NIGERIA

4. CLARIFICATION OF TERMS FOREST According to Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), forest is defined as any vegetal formation with a minimum of 10% crown covers of trees and the minimum height of tree must be 5m on an area of about 0.5 hectares and generally associated with wild flora and fauna and natural soil conditions not subjected to agricultural practices. Forest is also defined as a natural system that can supply different products and services and the working of this natural system is influenced by natural environment like climate, topography and soil, and also by human activities. FORESTRY Forestry is the science and craft of creating, managing, using, conserving and repairing forests and associated resources to meet desired goals, needs and values for human benefit. Forestry is practiced in plantations and natural stands. The practitioner of forestry is termed as a FORESTER. FOREST MANAGEMENT This is the branch of forestry concerned with overall administrative, economic, legal and social aspects such as Silviculture (the formation of new stands or generation of old forest until they mature for intended use), protection and forest regulation (a legal enactment or ordinance affecting forest). These include management for aesthetics, fish, recreation, urban values, water, wilderness, wildlife, wood product, forest genetic resources and other forest resource values. Management techniques include timber extraction, planting and re-planting of various species and preventing fire.

5. WILDLIFE Wildlife traditionally refers to undomesticated animals species, but has come to include all plants, fungi and other organisms that grow or live wild in an area without being introduced by humans. Wildlife can be found in all eco-systems (desert, forest, rainforest, plains, grassland etc.) WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT Wildlife management aims to halt the loss in the Earth biodiversity by taking into consideration ecological principles such as carrying capacity, disturbance, succession and environmental conditions such as physical geography, pedology (the study of soil in the natural environment) and hydrology (scientific study of the movement distribution and quality of water on Earth and other planets) with the aims of balancing the needs of wildlife with the needs of people. Wildlife management can include game keeping, wildlife conservation and pest control. Wildlife management, nevertheless is also the acts of manipulating wild animals and their habitats for the benefit of mankind.

6. Lion FOREST AND WILDLIFE RESOURCES IN NIGERIA The forest has served as a source of livelihood to people in Nigeria for many generations. It is the source of income, employment, food, medicine, recreation and vital raw materials for many purposes including: FUEL WOOD: Trees provide the wood of the forest in Nigeria. About 80% of the wood produced from the forest in Nigeria is utilized as combustion fuel. Generally, wood is the main domestic fuel in developing countries. It is used in cooking meals, heats and light the house. TIMBER RESOURCES: About 80% of the wood extracted from the forest in developed countries are used industrially. Wood is the basis of raw materials for all the 10 wood based industries identified by the raw materials. Researched and development councils in 1988, the industries include; sawmill, plywood and particle board, poles, matches, toothpick, veneer, pencil and ruler, flush door and the pulp and paper industry. Wildlife is an important source of protein in Nigeria, constituting about 20% of the mean annual consumption of the protein in the southern part of the country. Wildlife and freshwater fisheries can be developed with the little capital to boost protein production within a short time. Management of wildlife has been in game reserved and it is relatively recent. Nigeria have 7 nation parks(lake chad, cross river, old oyo, kamuku, okomu,gashakagumti and kanji lake national park). When these reserves are protected from illegal hunting, there will be rapid increase in some of the numbers like water buck, bush buck, cainrat(Grass cutter). Forest and wildlife are renewable natural resources and their continuous existence and utilization for our benefit and will depend on conservation and sustainable harvesting.

7. Ceiba pentandra TIMBERS AND NON TIMBERS SPECIES Timbers: Timber trees in the forest are regarded as a source of wood that has been pre-cut and ready for use or a large piece of wood that is use to form a part of a building.

8. Gorilla PRIMATES, SNAKES, BIRDS AND MAMMALS IN NIGERIA FOREST PRIMATES: Primates are otherwise known as Aborea l including simian and pro-simian (Ape like). The primates include the great Apes, Gorilla, Chimpanzee, orangutan. They exhibit various adaptive functions of mammals including ability to show parental care. MAMMALS: Animals with mammary gland which include Lion, Fox, Man, Tiger, Antelope, Monkey, Elephant. BIRD: A member of the class of animals aves characterized by feathers and wings usually capable of flight and laying eggs. E.g Ducks, Sparrows, Eagle, Owl, Wood pecker e.t.c

9. CONSERVATION STATUS OF ANIMALS LIVING IN NIGERIA FOREST Conservation is the official supervision of rivers, forest and other natural resources in order to preserve and protect them through prudent management. The Nigerian forest is rich in plant and animal species, yet there are some of these species that are threatened and endangered as a result of lack of proper monitoring or lackluster hunting and felling of trees, whereas they are some that are endemic in nature. ENDEMISM: is the ecological state of a species being unique to a defined geographic location such as Island, Nation, Country or other defined zones or habitat type. Endemic living organisms are special because they are found in only one location on the planet and nowhere else. Examples of Endemic living organism in Nigeria are: white throated guenon and scalaters guenon THREATENED; plant and animal’s species are organisms which are vulnerable to danger in the near future due to drastic drop or fall in the number of specie in a particular habitat. ENDANGERED; plant and animals are those species that are near extinction. Endangered species have a very small population, not large enough to survive. In Nigeria, of the 4600 plant species, 707 are said to be endangered. Examples of Endangered animal species are: Forest baboon and chimpanzee and only survive in cross river and gashakagumti national park, west African lion To save Endangered species from extinction, adequate preservation and conservation of such species and their habitat is necessary. The main methods of conserving biodiversity as reported by International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN,2009) include:

10. Ex-situ Conservation In-situ Conservation.  Ex-situ Conservation; This is a process of protecting animals or plants in an artificial environment outside of the natural habitat either by removing whole or part of the population from the threatened habitat and placing them in a new environment which may be wild or within human controlled environment e.g.  Zoo; A zoo is place where wild animals are kept either for tourism, scientific studies/research, preservation or breeding purposes.  Aquaria; Aquaria are facilities used for captive breeding of fish and other aquatic animals.  Seed Bank; The term seed bank refers to a cryogenic laboratory facility in which seeds or certain reptiles and birds are said to have their reproductive cells stored.  In-situ Conservation; This involves the conservation and preservation of species in their natural habitat. Example of such include  Strict Nature Reserves; These are plant communities reserved in perpetuity in their natural state for economic, educational, scientific, cultural and aesthetic values. Strict Nature reserves are established in remote areas and given adequate protection.

11.  GAME RESERVES  These are areas set aside for the propagation, protection, conservation and management of flora and fauna with fauna species been of main interest.  A colonial officer, Col. A.H. Haywood surveyed the wildlife resources of West Africa in 1932 and recommended the creation of game reserves in the Savanna areas of Northern Nigeria. In January 1957 a colonial forestry officer Mr. N. Coulthard, and AlhajiJibrinJia (MON) demarcated and established the first Game Reserve in Nigeria in Yankari in present day Bauchi State. Borgu Game Reserve was created in 1962. Both Yankari and Borgu were formerly forest Reserves. The upgrading of forest reserves to game reserves followed in rapid succession. By 1967 there were ten game reserves in Nigeria which increased to twenty-three in 1975, and thirty-five in 1980. Afi Mountain Reserve in Cross River State was created in 2000. Game Reserve are currently estimated to cover a land area of about 25,356.39km2, which is about 2.7% of Nigeria land area (NARESCON 1992). Many of the Game Reserves have been converted to National Parks.  Game Reserves are areas set aside by the State governments for the protection of wildlife. Included here are wildlife Parks, Bird sanctuaries and strict Nature Reserves. Hunting is usually prohibited, but could be allowed under permit at times. Poaching is, however, widespread despite State edicts prohibiting illegal hunting in reserves.  Most reserves are poorly managed due to inadequate funding, staffing, lack of equipment and poor remuneration of staff. Game reserves are fewer in the southern states of Nigeria due to high human population densities. The following are some of the existing game reserves.  Falgore Game Reserves Akpaka Game Reserves Lame-burra Game Reserves Kwaiambana Game Reserves Dagidda Game Reserves Ibi Game Reserves Pai River Game Reserves Ankwe Game Reserves Wase Game SanturaryWase Rock Game Reserves Bakono

12. Game Reserves 3.3 National Parks At present there are eight National Parks, they all derive their origins from previous Game Reserves. These are: Kainji Lake National Park Yankari National Park Old Oyo National Park Cross River National Park Chad Basin National Park GashakaGumti National Park Okomu National Park Kamuku National Park We will now give brief description of each National Park, stating the land area it occupy, the vegetation type and a few list of animals found in each of them. 3.3.1 Kainji Lake National Park It has a total land area of 5340.82km2, and is located in Niger and Kwara States. This park was developed from two game reserves Borgu and Zugurma. Significant animal species include: Buffalo, Roan antelope, Hippopotamus in Oli River, kobs Western hartebeest, lion, Leopard, Olive baboometc Ecologically, it is in the Northern Guinea Savanna and has the following distinctive complexes: Burkea/Detarium woodland Atzelia/Isoberlinia woodland Acacia/Anogeissus/Deterium woodland Isoberliniatomentosa woodland The oil River complex and Manyara complex Yankari National Park Located in Bauchi State and has a total land area of 2244km2, and lies within the Sudan Savanna vegetation zone. The vegetation type belongs to a complex described as Burkeaafricana woodland. A total of 350 species of flora resources have been identified. The park has a wide variety of wildlife species. Among them are: Buffalo whose population was nearly decimate in 1984 due to rinderpest outbreak, Baboon Hartebeest Waterbuck Hippopotamus Crocodile Grimm’s duiker Lion Roan antelope Warthog Elephant etc

13.  There is a spectacular perfusion of bird life particularly in the Gaji Valley. Yankari National Park has reverted to be called Yankari Game Reserves, now managed by Bauchi State Government.  Cross River National Park  Has land area of 4000sqkm and it is located in Cross River state in the rain forest vegetation. The park has two distinct divisions; Okwangwo and Oban Hills. The Okwangwo division is very rich in biological diversity. Six species are new records for Nigeria. These new species are:  AspleniumcornutumArthropteris monocarps BulbophyllumbequaertiiBulbophyllumodiccimDisperisnitidaHabenariaobovata  Four other species of plants in this park are believed to be new to science, they are:  TridactylesppUapacasppHabenariasppAfrocalatheaflavida  Two other species of plants generating global interest, which are reputed to be effective against AIDS and Prostate cancer are:  AnceistocladskorupensisPrunusafricana  The park is also home to about 78% of the primates species recorded in Nigeria. Notable among these are:  The drills Papioleucophacus Lowland gorillas Gorilla gorilla The chimpanzees Pan troglodytes Forest elephants Loxodontaafricnacyclotisetc 3.3.4 GashakaGumti National Park  The park is located in Adamawa and Taraba States on the famous Mambila Plateau covering 6731km2; and the largest and most scenic of all the National Parks. The park has several ecological zones ranging from scrub, Sudan and guinea savanna to rain forest or fringing forests to montane. The park is home to a diverse population of rare and endangered animal species. These species are: Colobus monkeys, Red-river hog Yellow-backed duikers Reedbuck chimpanzee Wild dog Elephant 3.3.5 Old Oyo National Park

14. Located in northern Oyo in Oyo State and has an area of 2512km2. A high forest and dense savanna mosaics woodland characterised the ecosystem. It is very rich in wildlife species, such as: Buffoon’s kob Buffalo Grimm’s duiker Bushbuck Baboons Read up information about Kamuku National Park in Kaduna State and Okomu National Park in Edo State. Chad Basin National Park Located in the northeastern corner of Nigeria across Borno and Yobe State. Has a land area of 2258 km2 in semi-arid scrub savanna vegetation. It is home to many rare, hardy, but endangered species of animals and plants. Important wildlife found here are: Giraffe Ostrich Red-fronted gazelle Elephant Western hartebeest Spotted hyena Baboon Vegetation type includes: Dump palm Baamtis Acacia species Fairdherbia There are many Game and Forest Reserves in the country. These reserves are not properly managed. Enabling laws and policies should be put in place to enforce people to recognize the importance of these reserves. The National Park needs better funding for proper management. IMPORTANCE OF FORESTRY AND WILDLIFE RESOURCES IN NIGERIA Bush meat which is the flesh of wild animals has been contributing immensely to the eradication of protein deficiency in West Africa and in Nigeria. Environmental education: Zoological garden game reserves and national parts provide opportunity for people to learn about animals that live around them. Wildlife is our national heritage, we meet it on earth and are abound to live it for the future generation (conservation of genetic resources)

15. Environmental protection: By conserving wildlife the environment is equally conserve, the plant soil and water around them are conserve, this helps to check environment problems like erosion or flood. Promotion of tourism: Wildlife is the main source of attraction of tourists to East and South Africa country Like Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Zimbabwe and South Africa have large number of various species of game animals which attracts large number of tourist to these country. Nigeria has 7 national park and over 40games reserves. Use of wildlife in traditional medicine, skins of some wildlife animals and snails are used to prepare Talisman, feaces, bones, hairs, teeth, blood and bones of some wild animals are use to cure different ailment. Medicinal research: primate and other species of animals from African are use for medical research both locally and overseas Wildlife byproduct: This include skins, tusks, feathers, horns, bone of wild animals are used to make shoes, bags, belts, hats etc which are highly priced Revenue generation: Government derives revenue from wildlife through hunting and entrance fees to game reserves, national park and zoological gardens’. -Employment opportunity: Wildlife create jobs for people thus reducing the problem of unemployment in the country. Job include Wildlife officer Wildlife guards Game guard

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