1. Science Notes for Foundation Course
MATTER
Mr. J.Agius Personal Notes

2. Matter is anything that takes up space.

3. States of Matter All MATTER exists as either SOLIDS LIQUIDS or GASES.
These are called the three states of matter.
There is also a forth state called the PLASMA state

4. Solid Has a definite shape and does not lose it’s shape.
States of Matter
Solid
Has a definite shape and does not lose it’s shape.
It has a definite Mass and a definite Volume

5. This means that a solid will always look the same, take up the same amount of space, and have the same amount of molecules in it.
An apple is a solid

6. Liquid States of Matter It does not have a definite shape.
It takes the shape of any container.
It has a definite Mass and a definite Volume

7. This means that liquids will always take up the same amount of space and have the same amount of molecules in it. However, because it does not have a definite shape, it takes the shape of its container.
Water is a liquid

8. States of Matter
Gas
Does not have a definite shape or volume and takes up all space in a container.

9. This means that a gas does not always take up the same amount of space, nor does it weigh the same all the time. Like liquids, gases take the shape of their containers. However, they will fill the space they are given. That is why they don't always take up the same amount of space!!
Air is a gas

10. The sun (made up of many gases), smoke from fire, and water vapor in clouds are all gases too. Can you think of more?

11. Plasma States of Matter
Plasma fluid is made up of electrically charged atomic particles (ions and electrons). It has specific properties that make its behavior markedly different from that of other states of matter, such as gases.

12. PLASMA
Plasma, is formed when atoms, instead of being combined into more complex structures, are broken up into their main constituent parts. This happens in natural environments such as the stars, where the temperature is very high, greater than tens of thousands, or even millions, of degrees.

13. PLASMA
On Earth, the heat generated by electrical discharges in gases can also generate plasmas:
Ex: Lightning strokes turn the air into a very hot plasma, though only for a very short time.

14. PLASMA
Another important plasma is the Earth’s ionosphere, a layer of ions and electrons mixed with the neutral gases of the atmosphere, about 100 km (60 mi) above the Earth’s surface. In the ionosphere, electrons are stripped from the atoms by the ultraviolet light and X-rays emitted by the Sun.

15. Science Notes for Foundation Course
Measuring Matter
The amount of space matter take up. Use a measuring cup or graduate to find volume.
Volume
If you thing what kind of equation has volume and mass as two properties, your answer will be the Density. This means that with these two measurements you can find the density of any material.
Mass is the amount of matter in an object.
Use a balance or scale to find mass.
Mass
Mr. J.Agius Personal Notes

16. Physical Changes in Matter
Cut
Tear
Folded
Written On
Painted
Liquid
Solid
Gas
Mixture
Solution

17. Chemical Changes in Matter
New Matter is formed.
Burning
Rusting
Cooking
Film Processing

18. Particle Theory Solids In a solid…
The particles are packed VERY CLOSELY TOGETHER and…
…each particle exerts a LARGE PULL FORCE on every other particle around it.
Each particle can ONLY VIBRATE (move to and fro)…
…about its FIXED POSITION which doesn’t change.

19. Particle Theory Solids are;
generally arranged with unique symmetrical regularity.
tightly held together with little space between the molecules (or atoms)
incompressible.
Strong electrostatic forces, which vary from compound to compound, hold the molecules together.
All solids have some molecular motion. All solids have vibrational modes of energy.

20. Types of Solids Ice is only one form of a solid.
Crystalline solids have ordered uniform arrangement of the atoms. Some crystalline solids are diamonds, metals, and salts.
Amorphous solids are disordered and do not break cleanly. Some amorphous solids are glass and plastics.

21. Particle Theory Liquids In a liquid…
The particles are packed CLOSELY TOGETHER …
…and each particle exerts a SMALL PULL FORCE on every other particle around it.
The particles MOVE AROUND…
…in ANY DIRECTION within the liquid.

22. The Liquid State
The atoms (or molecules) in the liquid state are held together by attractive forces. These forces are stronger than those between a gas but less than the forces holding a solid together.
Liquids have both vibrational and rotational modes of energy.
Surface tension, solubility, and capillary action are all properties of a liquid which aid in distinguishing one liquid from another.

23. Particle Theory Gases In a gas…
The particles are FAR APART from each other…
…and there is NO PULL FORCE between the particles.
The particles MOVE AROUND QUICKLY…
…in ANY DIRECTION within their container.

24. The Gaseous State
Steam, vapors, mists, and wind are all different forms of gases.
Gas particles are very weakly held together so the particles are very far apart.
Gases have vibrational, rotational, and translational modes of energy.

25. Properties of Solids, Liquids and Gases
Solids, Liquids and Gases have certain Properties that enable us to distinguish between each of the states. These properties can be easily explained if we use the Particle Theory to consider how the particles are Arranged and Move in each state.

29. Phases of Matter solid liquid gas plasma
the phases
solid
liquid
gas
plasma
depend on how tightly bound the atoms and/or molecules are
As temperature increases, these bonds are loosened: