1. PART I: PARADOX HISTORY POLITICAL STRUCTURE Governing America’s Urban Areas

2. CITIES HAVE A GREAT NEED FOR GOVERNMENT; URBAN GOVERNMENT IS INEFFICIENT AND FREQUENTLY INEFFECTIVE paradox

3. Book Opener Why NYC, 9/11 example? We make choices about ‘how to govern our metropolitan areas’ Sometimes the implications of those choices are more clearly felt and seen than other times

4. What’s needed What we’ve got What does NY example epitomize? Coordinating Authority Over 6700 local governments

5. City-Suburb Pattern: As those with means leave, city resources for governing diminish As those with means leave, the need for services increases Central City Suburbs

6. Elijah Anderson excerpt, p 6-7

7. Why do our cities fail? Cultural Bias 20 th c. decline Failure of Governance

8. What does it mean for a place to be ‘urban’? “Relatively large, dense and permanent settlements of socially heterogenous individuals” Louis Wirth 1964 Government must provide services that can otherwise be provided privately or individually Changes in social life call for help, intervention Metropolitan culture Urbanization requires regulation

9. Government: Publicly created organizations with clearly defined duties run by elected or appointed officials who can make authoritative decisions and impose costs on the public p. 16 Counties Cities Special Districts Townships Towns Lots of governments: good or bad?

10. Mayor-Council Council-Manager Mayor elected at-large Council members elected by district 19 th c. prevalence Weak mayor vs. strong mayor Council members elected at-large Council appoints a professionally-trained manager Major Forms of Municipal Gov’t What do we have in Tacoma?

11. WALKING CITY INDUSTRIAL CITY SUBURBAN CITY TODAY’S CITY Economic and Social Structure

12. The “paradox” raises 4 Questions: Why are the poor living near the central city? Why are they often racial and ethnic minorities? Why is job growth occurring in the suburbs, not the city? Why do those living outside the city, care less about its welfare?

13. Compact, navigable, diverse, chaotic: Penn’s Greene Countrie Towne the Walking City 19 th c.

14. the Industrial City 1880-1920 Technology Transportation Influx of People Discrimination (see p. 46)

15. the Suburban City 1950-1970 Technology Historical Conditions Discrimination Government Policies

16. “Cacophony” 1970-2000 Frost Belt – Sun Belt Small, ‘edge’ cities Immigration Mobility of minorities Concentrated poverty Globalization

17. STRUCTURES OF GOVERNMENT: MADISON V. JEFFERSON RIGHTING THE URBAN MACHINE Conflicting Theories

18. Environmental pollution in Wichita, KS Public Housing in Washington, DC EPA and Kansas DoHE exert authority to require solutions Local residents and informal governance took responsibility and found solutions Two Cases

19. Madisonian Democracy The danger of factions Federalist #10 and #51 System of checks and balances (Danger of small local governments) Freedom and Justice supersede Speed and Efficiency Larger, more centralized government

20. Jeffersonian Democracy Positive view of the average citizen Leaders are more dangerous than the masses Government should be local and highly participatory Good government creates good citizens Scope of government should be limited

21. Areas of Agreement Areas of Disagreement Scope of government should be limited Structures of authority are important Source of tyranny Human nature Nature of elected representatives Most important scale of government Purpose of government (p. 80) Jefferson v. Madison

22. The “urban machine”

23. The machine hierarchy Precinct captions (small precincts, >400) Ward bosses Machine boss Why would citizens follow the directive of the precinct captains?

24. the ward boss Manages the precinct captains Awards patronage Extracts bribes Acts as an intermediary, go- between ‘looks after’ ethnic and immigrant communities Machine boss needs him!

25. the machine boss Manages the ward bosses Links to national officials and business elites Controls public works projects Controls city finances Enables state and national officials to get elected (or not!) game politician vs. gain politician

26. Urban machine – parting shots Political entrepreneurs got things done Little concern for fiscal efficiency Rampant corruption Connections to mafia, prostitution, etc.