1. Phases of Matter Notes Gases, liquids, and solids are all made up of microscopic particles, but the behaviors of these particles differ in the three phases.

2. Note that: Particles in a:  gas are well separated with no regular arrangement.  liquid are close together with no regular arrangement.  solid are tightly packed, usually in a regular pattern. Particles in a:  gas move freely at high speeds.  liquid move about and slide past each other.  solid vibrate (jiggle) but generally do not move from place to place.

3. STATES OF MATTER SOLIDLIQUIDGAS Arrangement of particles The particles are very closely packed. The particles are closely packed but there are more empty spaces between them compared to the solid state. The particles are very far apart from each other.

4. STATES OF MATTER SOLIDLIQUIDGAS Forces of attraction between particles The very strong forces of attraction restrict the movement of the particles. The particles in a solid are held in fixed positions. The forces of attraction are weaker than in the solid state. The particles are no longer held in fixed positions. The forces of attraction are very weak. The particles move randomly in all directions at great speed. Volume and shape Solids have fixed volumes and shapes. Liquids have fixed volumes. However, they do not have fixed shapes but take the shapes of the containers. Gases do not have fixed shapes or volumes.

5. Notice: attraction of particles volume shape

6. STATES OF MATTER SOLIDLIQUIDGAS Types of movement Particles move by only by vibration. Particles vibrate and slide past one another. Particles vibrate and move freely all over. Kinetic (movement) energy of particles The kinetic energy of the particles is low. The kinetic energy of the particles is high, on average. The kinetic energy of the particles is very high and they move at high speed.

7. STATES OF MATTER SOLIDLIQUIDGAS Compressibility Very difficult to be compressed because the particles are packed closely. Not easily compressed because the particles are packed closely. Easily compressed because the particles are far apart. Rate of diffusion Very lowAverageVery high

8. Plasma is the fourth phase of matter. Plasma is a super heated gas containing positively and negatively charged particles called ions. It shares the same characteristics as gases. Plasma is very rare on Earth but makes up 99% of the universe! Plasma can be found in lightning, stars, suns, auroras, and plasma balls.

9. Phase Changes of Matter All matter is made of particles which are constantly moving, colliding with each other and the walls of a container. As energy is added to or removed from matter, it can change form one phase to another. When something such as water turns from being water to being ice, it is called a phase change. There are different changes that can take place.

10. Solid – Liquid Phase Changes Melting is the change of a solid to a liquid. Melting occurs when a substance absorbs heat energy. Freezing is the change of a liquid to a solid. Freezing occurs when a substance loses heat energy.

11. Liquid – Gas Phase Changes Vaporization is the change of a substance from a liquid to a gas. There are two types of vaporization. Evaporation occurs when a substance absorbs enough heat energy so that only the surface of the liquid is vaporized. Boiling occurs when enough heat energy is supplied so that particles travel to the surface of the liquid and then into the air. Condensation is the change of a substance from a gas to a liquid. It takes place when water vapor in the air condenses from a gas, back into a liquid form.

12. Solid – Gas Phase Changes Sublimation is the change of a substance from a solid to a gas. In some solids, the surface particles sublime and escape directly into the gas phase. They do not pass through the liquid phase.

13. Energy determines the state!

14. Add or Subtract Energy... When energy is added, particles move faster! When energy is taken away, particles move slower!