1. © 2002 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. The ocean’s resources are useful and convenient. Proper management is required so resources are not depleted. Marine Resources

2. © 2002 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Classes of Marine Resources Classification –Physical resources –Marine energy resources –Biological resources –Nonextractive resources These resources can be further classified as renewable or nonrenewable.

3. How Much Do We Need?

4. Physical Resources Petroleum & Natural Gas Methane Hydrate Sand & Gravel Magnesium & Magnesium compounds Salts Fresh Water

5. Physical Resources Petroleum and Natural Gas –Oil and gas are often found together beneath impermeable caprock. –Drilling for oil offshore requires specialized equipment and is more costly than drilling on land.

6. Physical Resources Petroleum and Natural Gas –Hydrocarbon Seeps

7. Physical Resources Methane Hydrate –Largest known reservoir of hydrocarbons –Forms thin layers 200-500 m below the sea floor Looks like green Play-Doh –Stable when buried –Methane released when brought to the surface –May have been responsible for past global warmings

8. Where Is Methane Hydrate Found?

9. Physical Resources Sand & Gravel

10. © 2002 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Physical Resources Salts and Minerals –Magnesium

11. Physical Resources Salts and Minerals –Magnesium –Sodium chloride (halite) Saltworks in San Francisco Bay

12. Physical Resources Salts and Minerals –Magnesium –Sodium chloride (halite) –Manganese nodules

13. Physical Resources Salts and Minerals –Magnesium –Sodium chloride (halite) –Manganese nodules –Phosphorite Source: http://www.oceanexplorer.noaa.govSource: http://www.oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/

14. Physical Resources Salts and Minerals –Magnesium –Sodium chloride (halite) –Manganese nodules –Phosphorite –Metallic sulfides and muds

15. Sulfide Deposits As seawater infiltrates the hot basaltic crust, it leaches sulfur, iron, copper, and other metals. Sulfides precipitate to form massive deposits.

16. Physical Resources Fresh Water –Fresh water is a valuable resource. –Desalination of seawater can provide a source of fresh water.

17. © 2002 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Marine Energy Resources Methods –Energy generated by waves and currents –Ocean thermal energy conversion

18. Marine Energy Resources Sources –Wind –Waves and Currents –Thermal Gradient

19. © 2002 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Biological Resources Fish, Crustaceans, And Mollusks –the most valuable living marine resources. Fishery Management –Fishing employs fifteen million people worldwide.

20. © 2002 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Biological Resources Some of the major types of commercially harvested fish, mollusks and crustaceans.

21. © 2002 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Biological Resources Fishery Mismanagement –Maximum sustainable yield - the maximum amount of any species that can be harvested without affecting future yields –Overfished - a status assigned to fish stocks that have been harvested so there is not enough breeding stock left for replenishment

22. © 2002 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Biological Resources Fishery Mismanagement –Commercial extinction - the depletion of a species to the point where it is no longer profitable to harvest –Bykill - animals unintentionally killed when other species are being harvested

23. Biological Resources Whaling –The whaling industry has pushed most of the dozen species of great whales to the brink of extinction.

24. Biological Resources Fur-Bearing Mammals Sea Otter Sea Lion Harbor Seals

25. Biological Resources Botanical Resources –Algae, Brown Bladder wrack –Algae, Red Irish Moss Nori –Algae, Blue Spirulina –Sea Fennel

26. © 2002 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Biological Resources Aquaculture and Mariculture –Aquaculture is the growing or farming of plants or animals in a water environment under controlled condition. –Mariculture applies specifically to marine environments.

27. Biological Resources Drugs –Researchers estimate that 10% of marine species may contain useful medical compounds. –Acyclovir, the first antiviral compound approved for humans, is derived from a Caribbean Sea sponge. –Pseudopterosins, a class of anti-inflammatory drugs, is derived from marine species.

28. © 2002 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Nonextractive Resources Includes –transportation –recreation

29. © 2002 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. The Law of the Sea The Law of the Sea is an international agreement that governs the use of the world ocean. The United States Exclusive Economic Zone is a 10.3 million square kilometer region of ocean on the coastal margin that the United States unilaterally claims sovereign rights to and jurisdiction of.

30. The United States Exclusive Economic Zone The United States Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) is shown in red. Other EEZs are in blue.

31. Ocean-Dependant Industries Commercial Fishing Mariculture Kelp Harvesting Offshore Oil and Gas Coastal Mineral Production Port Activity: Water Transportation, Ship/Boat Building and Repair Coastal Tourism and Recreation Source: California's Ocean Resources: An Agenda for the Future (1995) California's Ocean Resources: An Agenda for the Future (1995)

32. Effects on California Economy Market Value of Industries $17.3 Billion, Supporting 370,000 Jobs (1992 data) –Tourism and Recreation $9.9 billion to coastal recreation (hotels and restaurants) $7.4 billion to commercial fishing, oil and gas production, port activities, etc. Source: California's Ocean Resources: An Agenda for the Future (1995) California's Ocean Resources: An Agenda for the Future (1995)

33. Effects on California Economy Market Value of Industries $17.3 Billion, Supporting 370,000 Jobs (1992 data) –Seaports and Ship Building ($6.0 billion) $3.4 billion from water transportation of freight and passengers $2.6 billion from ship and boat building and related activities 179,000 jobs Source: California's Ocean Resources: An Agenda for the Future (1995) California's Ocean Resources: An Agenda for the Future (1995)

34. Effects on California Economy Market Value of Industries $17.3 Billion, Supporting 370,000 Jobs (1992 data) –Offshore Oil, Gas and Mineral Production Contribute Over $860 Million The offshore oil and gas industry –employed 25,600 people –contributed $852 million to the State economy Mineral production, chiefly sand and salt –$10 million to the economy Source: California's Ocean Resources: An Agenda for the Future (1995) California's Ocean Resources: An Agenda for the Future (1995)

35. Effects on California Economy Market Value of Industries $17.3 Billion, Supporting 370,000 Jobs (1992 data) –Commercial Fishing, Mariculture and Kelp Harvesting Includes tuna, sea urchin, rockfish, crab, and salmon $554 million to the state's economy 17,000 jobs Source: California's Ocean Resources: An Agenda for the Future (1995) California's Ocean Resources: An Agenda for the Future (1995)

36. Effects on California Economy These findings are testimony to the concept that ongoing efforts to manage California's ocean resources in a sustainable manner will provide long-term economic, as well as environmental, benefits to the State. Source: California's Ocean Resources: An Agenda for the Future (1995) California's Ocean Resources: An Agenda for the Future (1995)

37. © 2002 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Summary Marine resources may be categorized as physical, biological, and nonextractive. Pollution can be a side effect of resource extraction and use. Offshore oil and natural gas provide a substantial amount of the world’s requirements. Biological resources are often taken without regard for replenishment time. World economics depend on marine transport. Laws of the Sea govern resource allocation and trade.

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