1. Examine one interaction between cognition and physiology in terms of behaviour.
Examine (22) – Consider an argument or concept in a way that uncovers the assumptions and interrelationships of the issue. Evaluate two relevant studies. (22)

2. KF - Shallice and Warrington (1974)

3. Shallice and Warrington (1974) – Case Study of KF
Background: 
KF was in a motorcycle accident and suffered memory impairment 
Brain damage to the left parietal and occipital lobes 
Results: 
He could transfer information from STM to LTM
He suffered problems with STM of different types of information  
digit span was severely impaired 
visual and auditory information (e.g. telephone ring) was unaffected 

4. Milner and Scoville (1957) - The Case Study of HM

5. Milner and Scoville (1957) - The Case Study of HM
Method: 
At age 27 (1953) H.M had brain surgery to control his epilepsy and to stop seizures. 
He had a bilateral medial temporal lobectomy. 
They removed tissue from the temporal lobe, including the hippocampus. 
H.M. was studied extensively for 40 years. 
In 1997, researchers used an MRI scan 
Results: 
After the operation, HM had anterograde amnesia – he was unable to create new memories 
Nothing could be stored in his long-term memory (LTM). 
His childhood memories were intact 
Memories immediately before the operation were lost. 
His working memory was intact. 
MRI Scan Results (1997) – 
Brain damage was pervasive and included the hippocampus, the amygdala, and other areas close to the hippocampus. 
Conclusion: 
The hippocampus is needed for memories to be transferred to long-term memory. 

6. Milner and Scoville (1957) - The Case Study of HM

7. Sacks (2007) – Clive Wearing Case Study

8. Sacks (2007) – Clive Wearing Case Study

9. Sacks (2007) – Clive Wearing Case Study
Background: 
Clive Wearing was a musician who got a viral infection - encephalitis. 
This left him with serious brain damage in the hippocampus (biological cause), which caused memory impairment (effect on cognition) 
He suffered from anterograde and retrograde amnesia 
Results:
He could not transfer information from STM to LTM. 
His memory lasted 7-30 seconds, and he was unable to form new memories. 
Wearing still had the ability to talk, read, write, conduct and sight-read music (procedural knowledge) 
Wearing’s episodic memory and some of his semantic memory were lost. 
MRI scans of Wearing’s brain showed damage to the hippocampus and some of the frontal regions. 
Conclusion: 
The case of Clive Wearing provides insight into the biological foundation of different memory systems, which is a cognitive process. 
Wearing’s case highlights the interaction between cognition and physiology as it establishes the link by illustrating the effect of physiological causes in the brain (brain damage occurring in hippocampi region, on the social and cognitive interactions of the individual. 

10. Varga-Khadem et al. (1997) Method:
2 patients – Beth & Jon - who both suffered bilateral hippocampal damage in early life before developing semantic memories.
Results:
They both had poor episodic memory.
They had normal speech, language development and semantic memory.
A follow-up study on Jon (2002) found that he had high intelligence and his semantic memory was better than his episodic.