2. The Harappan Civilization 3300 BCE - 2400 BCE

3. Wide View, Mohenjo-Daro

5. Aryan Migration Indo-Europeans  pastoral  depended on their cattle.  warriors  horse-drawn chariots.

6. The Vedas  1200 BCE-600 BCE.  written in SANSKRIT.  Hinduism roots in Vedas Rig Veda  oldest work

7. Varna (Social Hierarchy) Shudras Vaishyas Kshatriyas Brahmins Pariahs -- Untouchables Priests Warriors Herders, farmers, artisans and merchants Farmworkers, servants, laborers Caste system Dharma

8. Hinduism Many deities –Brahma-creator –Vishnu-preserver –Siva-destroyer Upanishads – Self denial—fasting –Yoga—discipline Reincarnation Karma –Ahimsa

9. History of Religion http://www.mapsofwar.com/ind/history-of- religion.html

11. Religions of South Asia

12. Buddhism in the Subcontinent

13. Siddhartha Gautama (563-483 BCE)  Born in NE India (Nepal).  Raised in great luxury to be a king.  At 29 he rejected his luxurious life to seek enlightenment and the source of suffering.  Lived a strict, ascetic life for 6 years.  Rejecting this extreme, sat in meditation, and found nirvana.  Became “The Enlightened One,” at 35.

15. What is the fundamental cause of all suffering? Desire!  Therefore, extinguish the self, don’t obsess about oneself.

16. Four Noble Truths 1. There is suffering in the world. To live is to suffer. 2. The cause of suffering is self- centered desire and attachments. 3. The solution is to eliminate desire and attachments 4. To reach nirvana, one must follow the Eightfold Path

18. Eightfold Path Nirvana   The union with the ultimate spiritual reality..  Escape from the cycle of rebirth.

19. Buddha 19c Thailand Buddha’s head 2c Pakistan

20. Bodhi Tree Elongated Lobes Third Eye Palm and Sole marked with Wheel of Life

21. Theravada Buddhism  Found in southern Asia.  The monastic life is the best way to achieve nirvana.  Focus on wisdom and meditation.  Goal is to become a “Buddha,” or “Enlightened One.”  Over 100,000,000 followers today.

22. Theravada Buddhism

23. Mahayana Buddhism  Founded in northern Asia (China, Japan).  Buddhism “for the masses.”

24. Mahayana Buddhism

25. The Dalai Lama

26. Zen Buddhism  Seeks sudden enlightenment through meditation, arriving at emptiness  Beauty, art, and aesthetics:  Gardens.  Archery.  Tea ceremony.  Calligraphy.

28. The Maurya Empire 321 BCE – 185 BCE

29. Chandragupta: 321 BCE-298 BCE   Unified northern India.  Defeated the Persian general Seleucus.  Divided his empire into provinces, then districts for tax assessments and law enforcement.  He feared assassination [like Saddam Hussein]  food tasters, slept in different rooms, etc.  301 BCE  gave up his throne & became a Jain.

30. Asoka (304 – 232 BCE)   Religious conversion after the gruesome Battle of Kalinga in 262 BCE.  Dedicated his life to Buddhism.  Built extensive roads.  Conflict  how to balance Kautilya’s methods of keeping power and Buddha’s demands to become a selfless person?

32. Asoka’s law code   Edicts scattered in more than 30 places in India, Nepal, Pakistan, & Afghanistan.  Each pillar [stupa] is 40’-50’ high..  Buddhist principles dominate his laws.

33. Turmoil & a power Vacuum: 220 BCE – 320 CE Tamils The Maurya Empire is divided into many kingdoms.

34. Gupta Empire: 320 CE – 647 CE

35. Gupta Rulers  Chandra Gupta I  r. 320 – 335 CE  “Great King of Kings”  Chandra Gupta II  r. 375 - 415 CE  Profitable trade with the Mediterranean world!  Hindu revival.  Huns invade – 450 CE

36. Fa-hsien: Life in Gupta India [Faxian]  Chinese Buddhist monk traveled along the Silk Road and visited India in the 5c.  He was following the path of the Buddha.

37. Chandra Gupta II

38. Extensive Trade:4c spices spices gold & ivory rice & wheat horses cotton goods silks

39. Medicine Literature Mathematics Astronomy Printed medicinal guides 1000 diseases classified Plastic Surgery C-sections performed Inoculations 500 healing plants identified Decimal System Concept of Zero PI = 3.1416 Kalidasa Solar Calendar The earth is round Gupta India Gupta Achievements

40. The Decline of the Guptas  Invasion of the White Huns in the 4c signaled the end of the Gupta Golden Age, even though at first, the Guptas defeated them.  After the decline of the Gupta empire, north India broke into a number of separate Hindu kingdoms and was not really unified again until the coming of the Muslims in the 7c.  QUESTION: Is the best literature and art written as the civilization is on the rise, at its height, or in its decline?

41. Sind conquered by Arabs 712 Extent of Abbasid Rule

42. Angkor Wat Cambodia-1100 CE

45. Summary Continuities Long distance trade by land Trade in exotic products for elite=silk, spices, gems India as a trade way station Change Increased trade Maritime knowledge of ocean winds following coastline Indian artisans create an export market Beginning Long distance trade over land—India-Persia and Mediterranean along Silk Roads End Indian Merchants to Southeast Asia along sea routes Process [Why? How?] New technologies New markets Political empire growth and stability