1. 2. John Adams 1797-1801 “The Atlas of Independence” “His Rotundity” Personal Info: second cousin to Sam Adams, great-great grandson of Pilgrim couple that landed at Plymouth Rock, John & his wife Abigail were 3 rd cousins Did you know? His son, John Quincy Adams would be the 6 th president and only other father/son combo besides the Bush’s. Loved to smoke & drink beer. Started smoking at 8 and drinking beer at 15…for breakfast! He lived to be 90! One of 2 president’s to sign Decl. of Indep. (TJ is other). Both him and TJ died on July 4, 1826 (50 th Anniversary)

3. Awfully confident Valentine’s Day greeting for a one-termer

4. Key Questions 1.How would the nation change without Washington’s leadership? 2.How would political parties shape policy in the presidency? 3.What would the nation do about the quasi- war with France?

5. Adam’s Administration Issues XYZ Affair Alien & Sedition Acts Kentucky & Virginia Resolutions Downfall of Federalists Election of 1800

6. XYZ Affair Overview: France, upset with Jay’s Treaty w/ England, begin seizing U.S. ships. Adam’s Response: 3 American diplomats were sent to France to negotiate a solution to tensions between the two countries. Agents “XYZ” from France demanded a bribe in order for the diplomats to see the French Ambassador. Significance: Congress creates a Navy and says that it can seize French ships. For two years an undeclared naval war (Quasi-war) was waged with France. Adams administration was scared of French & Irish immigrants (who sided with the Democrat-Republicans) leading to…

7. Alien & Sedition Acts Overview: Federalists believed that French agents were trying to overthrow the government with the help of Democrat- Republicans. Adams Response: Alien Act = raised residency requirement to become a citizen from 5 years to 14 years & allowed the president to deport or jail any alien considered undesirable. Sedition Act = set fines and jail terms for anyone trying to “hinder the operation of the gov’t or speak out against the gov’t.” Significance: Adams was seriously discredited by these Acts. Adam’s opponents (Democrat Republicans), called the laws a violation of freedom of speech…and led to the…

9. Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions Overview: Resolutions said that states had the right to nullify (cancel) any act of Congress that they deemed unconstitutional, particularly the Alien & Sedition Acts that violated the 1 st Amendment. Authored by: Madison – Virginia Jefferson – Kentucky Adams response: Ignored them Significance: Set the stage for state’s rights vs. national government debate that would lead all the way until the Civil War.

10. Election of 1800: First Peaceful transfer of power from one rival party (Federalists) to another (Dem-Rep) Jefferson becomes president

11. Simplifying the Presidency What decisions does Jefferson make regarding the military? Reduced the military, halted expansion of the navy Regarding trade? Free trade rather than government-controlled trade and tariffs Regarding government expenditures? Eliminated all internal taxes & reduced the spending of government Regarding finances? Reduced the influence of the Bank of the United States. What is Jefferson's goal as he simplifies the presidency? Jefferson believed that a simple government best suited the needs of a republic. Impact on the Nation/Government: The government became smaller and now was more “southern” since it was moved to Washington D.C.

12. Marbury v. Madison Define it: After Adams left office he had appointed many Federalist judges. James Madison, Jefferson’s Secretary of State, wouldn’t deliver the appointments. William Marbury, who was one of the appointed judges, sued to get his appointment. The Judiciary Act said that the Supreme Court was to order the papers to be delivered. However, Chief Justice John Marshall ruled this act unconstitutional since the Constitution says nothing about the Supreme Court issuing judgeships. How does this change the role of the judicial branch? This created another “check” on the executive branch by the Supreme Court. Why is this such an important case? It established the idea of “judicial review” where the Supreme Court could declare an act of Congress unconstitutional.

13. Louisiana Purchase Define the territory: The Louisiana Purchase included all of the land drained by the western tributaries of the Mississippi River. Who did Jefferson buy it from? For how much? French - $15 million Did Jefferson have the power to buy Louisiana? Why or why not? Yes and No, the Constitution does not give the President power to acquire new territory but it does allow for the President to make treaties. Impact on the Nation/Government: The size of the United States more than doubled.

14. Lewis & Clark Expedition Purpose: Jefferson ordered Lewis & Clark to collect scientific information about unknown plants and animals en route to the Pacific and to learn as much as possible about the Native American tribes encountered along the way. Who helped them? How? Sacajawea, served as an interpreter and guide. Why is this so important? The journey recorded invaluable information about the western territories.

15. Louisiana Purchase Define the territory: The Louisiana Purchase included all of the land drained by the western tributaries of the Mississippi River. Who did Jefferson buy it from? For how much? French - $15 million Did Jefferson have the power to buy Louisiana? Why or why not? Yes and No, the Constitution does not give the President power to acquire new territory but it does allow for the President to make treaties. Impact on the Nation/Government: The size of the United States more than doubled.