1. Chapter 21 Economic and Social Unrest Purpose: 1.Compare and contrast primary sources to analyze and understand the background of industrialization in the early 19 th century. 1.Interpret multiple sources (interviews, images and narratives) to develop a sense of historical empathy while analyzing industrialization in the early 19 th century. 1.Compare and Contrast Andrew Ure’s work with James Kay’s work on Industrialization 1.Introduce the characteristics of Industrialization. (Discussion and notes)

2. Cottage Industry, Domestic System, Putting-Out

3. Elizabeth Bentley 23 years old.

4. Illustration from Frederic Montagu’s book Mary Ashley (1839) Used to introduce the interview with Archibald Buchanan.

5. Andrew UreJames Phillips Kay Physician and Professor of Chemistry Physician-Administrator (Secretary of the Privy Council)-Member of the Board of Health Why is it important to identify background?

6. Industrial Revolution Compare and Contrast Andrew Ure (1778- 1857) The philosophy of Manufactures, or, an Exposition o f the Scientific, Moral, and Commercial Economy of the Factory System of Great Britain (1835) James Phillps Kay (1804-1877) The Moral and Physical Condition of the Working Classes employed in the Cotton Manufacture in Manchester (1832)

7. Ure or Kay? Which of the authors best applies to each of the following images? Think of their work as you look at the image and explain which article would best describe their point of view.

16. Britain’s Industrial Leadership 18th-19th Centuries Industrial Development –Domestic System (putting out) to factories to railroads. 18th century origins (textile industry) –Natural Resources (coal and iron) –Stable politics and freer economy. (encouraged individual pursuits) –Sufficient capital and a stable banking system –Technology –Ample and inexpensive food supply –Social mobility (labor force-agriculture to industry) –Foreign (U.S. and Latin America) and domestic demand for goods –Powerful navy

17. Industrial Revolution 19th Century Spread across Europe by the 1830s –Belgium –France –Germany Population and Migration –France-(1831-32.5 million to 1851-35.8 million) –Germany (1831-26.5 million to 1851-33.5 million) –England (1831-16.3 million to 1851-20.8 million) –More people lived in cities

18. 19th century Urbanization Impact –Increased pressure of the physical resources (housing, water, sewers, etc.) –Unsanitary crowded conditions in poor districts –Increase in crime Free movement within countries –Emancipation of Serfs (Russia, Eastern Europe later in the 19 th century)-couldn’t afford land. –Looking for employment-moved from countryside to city.

19. Railways Interrelated Process 1830-1840 –England The Stockton and Darlington Lines Manchester to Liverpool (Hundreds of people could travel at one time) –Belgium began in 1835 –France began in 1832 –Germany in 1835 Combined with canals- leaving your birthplace was easier than before. Allowed cheaper and quick passage of raw materials and finished products Industrialization increased-iron and steel was in demand Labor force increased.

20. Labor Force No single description: –Some were “well-off” because they had a steady income and decent wage as a result of skill, or experience. –Others earned subsistence wages and were known as the “laboring poor” –Women and children were now part of the labor force –No job protection

21. Proletarianization of Factory Workers and Urban Artisans Described the entry of workers into a wage economy and their gradual loss of significant ownership of the means of production, such as tools and equipment, and of the control over the conduct of their own trades. (artisans) Factory owners provided the capital (buildings, machinery, materials) Workers provided the labor. Confection was practiced-goods, such as shoes, clothing, and furniture, were produced in standard sizes, and styles rather than special order. –Increased division of labor –Less skill was required –Worker became less valuable –Wages decreased

22. Working Class Political Action British Chartism –Artisans turn radical –Attempted to protect their social and economic interests Chartism –Political reform led by William Lovett –1836-London Working Men’s Association was formed –Reforms universal male suffrage, annual election of the House of Commons, secret ballot, equal electoral districts, abolition of property requirements for members of the House of Commons, salaries for the members of the House of Commons. –Published the Northern Star Newspaper –Failed because some members favored violence and others were peaceful –Success-First large scale worker’s movement with specific goals.

23. English Factory Act 1833 Children under the age of 9 were forbidden to work. Ages 9 to 13-allowed to work nine hours and were supposed to receive two-hours of education per day, paid for by the factory owner. Older than 13-treated as an adult.

24. Purpose You should be able to identify, describe and explain the following: - Family structure and changes that occurred in the early 19 th century. –Classical Economy and Economists –Utopian Socialism and early socialism –Zollverein

25. Take a minute, Recall the characteristics of 19 th century industrialism. Consider all positive and negative factors. Think of possible consequences-(socially, politically, economically, intellectually). Prepare a reaction to the consequences (socially, politically, economically, intellectually).

26. Discuss the following Classical Economic Principles Will Malthus be right? What’s Ricardo’s Iron Law of Wages? How are both related to classical economic principles? Define Zollverein, what was accomplished? Utilitarianism?

27. Classical Economy Characteristics: –Based on the theories of Adam Smith’s, Wealth of Nations 1776 –Laissez-faire-little government intervention –Society consists of the atomistic individual whose competitive efforts met the demands of consumers in the marketplace (middle class) –Most economic decisions should be made by the mechanism of the market place.

28. Classical Economy Government’s Responsibilities –A sound currency –Enforcement of contracts –Low tariffs and taxes –Armed forces to protect economic interests like trade.

29. How are each of the following related to Classical Economics? Malthus Ricardo Louis Philippe Francois Guizot

30. Thomas Malthus (1766-1834) Economist Condition of the working class could not be improved. Essay on the Principle of Population (1798) Population will eventually outstrip the food supply. Late marriage, chastity, and contraception might prevent disaster.

31. David Ricardo (1772-1823) Principles of Political Economy (1817) Transformed Malthus’ Theory into the “Iron Law of Wages” Supports employer’s natural reluctance to raise wages and opposition to labor unions.

32. The Zollverein page 662

33. Utilitarianism Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) Classical Economic Theory Principle of utility Poor Laws of 1834 Principle of utility helped governments escape legal clutter.

34. Utopian Socialism Identify utopian socialism…why were they called utopian and socialist?

35. Utopian Socialism Views toward capitalism. –Mismanagement –Low wages –Poor distribution of goods –Suffering from an unregulated system –Society should be organized in communities.

36. Utopian Socialists St. Simon Robert Owen Charles Fourier Blanqui Proudhon

37. Marxist Socialism Evolutionary but not linear. –Competed with other socialist ideas. –Politics in Germany –Criticism of industrialism and capitalism Differences: –Claimed to be scientifically accurate –Rejected reform –Called for revolution (not well defined) Triumphed over much of Europe, but not all.

38. Influences Hegel –Thesis (Industrialism) –Antithesis (Domination) –Synthesis (Revolution) French Socialism –Defined the problems with capitalist society –Raised the issue of property redistribution Classical Economics –Provided the analysis –Empiricism

39. Communist League Secret Believed to be more radical than they were socialist. Believed in the abolition of private property Led to the writing of the Communist Manifesto in 1848.

40. Communist Manifesto “A spectre is haunting Europe--the spectre of communism. All powers of old Europe have entered into a holy alliance to exorcise this spectre: Pope and Tsar, Metternich and Guizot, French Radicals and German police- spies” * Spectre - A ghost. Something widely feared as a possible unpleasant or dangerous occurrence.

41. Frederich Engels (1820 - 1895)

42. Marx’s Concept of Class Conflict- Historical Development Humans produce goods necessary for survival Productivity determines the structures, values, and ideas of society. Historically, one class has dominated ownership and control of the means of production while others worked. Does not change with simple reform. Radical social transformation is required. Capitalism makes it a revolution and the revolution is inevitable. Communism develops.

43. “An association in which the free development of each is the condition for the free development of all.”

44. 1818-1883 Purpose: 1.Analyze Marxist philosophy by reviewing textbook pages (778- 780) or (762-764) to identify the following: a.How Marx’s ideas differed from other 19 th century socialists. b.Source of Marxist philosophy c.The basis of Marxist philosophy. 2.Identify the background, causes and results of the Revolutions of 1848, textbook pages-(780-793) or (764-774), by discussing “key questions” through analysis of written responses and discussion of “key ideas”.

45. Analyzing Cartoons/Images/Maps Look at the whole picture Divide the cartoon/image into four parts and examine each part individually. Identify the visual symbols and note what they symbolize. Describe what action is taking place. Read any dialogue, titles, or captions. Think of what you already know about this time period. Write what you think the cartoon/image is saying.

46. What was said, "When France sneezes, Europe catches a cold.” Prince Clemens von Metternich

47. Key Questions What factors, old and new, led to the widespread outbreak of revolutions in 1848? Were the causes in the various countries essentially the same, or did each have its own particular set of circumstances? Why did these revolutions fail throughout Europe? What roles did liberals and nationalists play in the revolutions? Why did they sometimes clash?

48. Key Questions What factors, old and new, led to the widespread outbreak of revolutions in 1848? Were the causes in the various countries essentially the same, or did each have its own particular set of circumstances? Why did these revolutions fail throughout Europe? What roles did liberals and nationalists play in the revolutions? Why did they sometimes clash?

49. Key People and Terms (France) Louis Philippe-Monarch—Followed Bourbon Restoration-Abdicated in 1848 Francois Guizot-Prime Minister under Philippe-resigns in 1848-Ousted for his favoritism of Upper Middle Class industrialists and prohibition of liberal banquets. Alphonse LaMartine-Liberal leader organized the provisional government of France after Philippe. Louis Blanc-Led the French Socialist Movement-after Louis Philippe. Louis Napoleon-French President-December-1848-2 nd Republic “June Days”-1848-Working class reaction-against French troops defeat French citizens-Conservative order prevails.

53. Key People and Terms (Austria and Hungary) Emperor Ferdinand-Austrian Hapsburg Ruler until 1848-could not appease student union-too conservative or the worker’s demands. Louis Kossuth-Hungarian nationalist-inspired nationalist reaction in Austria-student unions revolted. Emperor Francis Joseph-Austrian Hapsburg ruler-1848 Metternich-Fled Austria when disturbances went out of control. Magyars-Hungarian nobility and aristocracy-nationalists in favor of liberal reform-led the revolt during the March Revolution. March Laws-Passed by the Hungarian Diet-establishing a liberal political structure in Hungary Austrian Victory-Conservative government received aid from the Russians to defeat the nationalists.

54. Key People and Terms Czech v. Germans Francis Palacky-Czech nationalist calling for reform similar to the Hungarian movement for the Slavic people in the Austrian Empire (Bohemia and Moravia). Pan Slavism-Nationalist movement to establish a Slavic equality within the Austrian Empire resisted by the Austrian Government Movement defeated by Conservative Austrian government and military.

56. Key People and Terms Italy King Albert-Popular liberal monarch of Piedmont desired a unified Italian State-defeated by the Austrians-after revolution began in Milan. Pope Pius IX-Liberal leader of the Catholic Church-became the focus of Italian unification until he was forced to flee to Naples-Restored in 1849 under the protection of France-turned to conservatism. Giuseppe Garibaldi-Romantic Republican desired Italian unification- supported a constitutional monarchy. Giuseppie Mazzini-Romantic Republican desired Italian unification- representative government.

58. Key People and Terms Prussia King Frederick William IV-Monarch of Prussia who refused to turn his troops on his own people. His actions supported unification when he supported making liberal concessions to the Prussians-called for a constituent assembly to write a constitution. Reacting to the deaths of citizens by troops, Monarch appoints David Hansemann- a moderate liberal, to lead his cabinet (advisors). Resigned when the monarch ignored the assembly. The cabinet was replaced by conservatives. Constituent Assembly—Too radical for the Monarch. 1849-Assembly dissolved-Monarch proclaims a constitution designed to limit the franchise based on the ability to pay taxes. Higher percentage of representation went to those who had the ability to pay higher taxes. Prussian Parliament-controlled by the largest taxpayers Army under the control of the monarch alone.

59. Frankfurt Parliament 1848-Representatives from all German states interested in reorganizing the German Confederation with liberal reform to achieve German unification. Grossdeutsch-plan included Austria Kleindeutsch-plan excluded Austria. Austrian government resented the meeting, Prussia will take the lead in unifying Germany. Reps-divided over representing the working class-socialism or liberal reform-free labor market. Conservatives use the disagreement to gain political advantage. When William IV was presented with the plan (KD) he refused- no man-made constitution will provide his power-God given. Liberal failure.

61. National Workshops

62. RISE, Magyar! is the country's call! The time has come, say one and all: Shall we be slaves, shall we be free? This is the question, now agree! For by the Magyar's God above We truly swear, We truly swear the tyrant's yoke No more to bear! Alas! till now we were but slaves; Our fathers resting in their graves Sleep not in freedom's soil. In vain They fought and died free homes to gain. But by the Magyar's God above We truly swear, We truly swear the tyrant's yoke No more to bear! A miserable wretch is he Who fears to die, my land, for thee! His worthless life who thinks to be Worth more than thou, sweet liberty! Now by the Magyar's God above We truly swear, We truly swear the tyrant's yoke No more to bear!

63. Niles Eldredge Paleontologist Curator-The American Museum of Natural History Author Evolutionary Biologist

64. Reading Analysis Teams Which applies to you? are you a Pollyanna or Cassandra? Explain. World Population Totals: –1800 - 978,000,000 –1900 - 1,300,000,000 –2000 - 6,000,000,000 –8:10 am, 3/12/09 - 6,766,105,739 –*2050 - 9,500,000,000

65. Where would you rather live in 1815, New Lanark, Scotland or Manchester, England? Why?

66. Will Malthus Be Right? Niles Eldredge 11/8/99 Discuss the answers to the following as an analysis team. What is Eldredge’s thesis? What tone does Eldredge have in the article? What is Eldredge’s point of view on Malthus? What was Eldredge’s purpose in writing the article? Is Eldredge bias? Did Eldredge change your opinion on Malthus? Robert Thomas Malthus

68. Purpose: (Review homework using responses as the framework for discussion.) Review DBQ assignment-strengths and weaknesses. Introduce and discuss early ideas of Socialism Specifically discuss Utopian Socialism by identifying why it was both utopian and socialist. Specifically evaluate each of the following: –Saint Simon –Owen –Fourier –Anarchism