1. Aerobic Endurance Exercise Training Benjamin H. Reuter, PhD, and J. Jay Dawes, PhD chapter 20 Program Design and Technique for Aerobic Endurance Training

2. Chapter Objectives Discuss factors related to aerobic endurance performance Select the mode of aerobic endurance training Set aerobic endurance training frequency based on training status, sport season, and recovery requirements (continued)

3. Chapter Objectives (continued) Assign aerobic endurance training duration and understand its interaction with training intensity Assign aerobic endurance exercise intensity and understand the various methods used to monitor intensity Describe various types of aerobic endurance programs (continued)

4. Chapter Objectives (continued) Apply program design variables based on the sport season Address cross-training, detraining, tapering, and supplemental resistance training when designing an aerobic endurance training program

5. Factors Related to Aerobic Endurance Performance Maximal aerobic capacity –As the duration of an aerobic endurance event increases, so does the proportion of the total energy that must be met by aerobic metabolism. –There is a high correlation between VO 2 max and performance in aerobic endurance events..

6. Key Term lactate threshold: The speed of movement or the percentage of VO 2 max at which a specific blood lactate concentration is observed or the point at which blood lactate concentration begins to increase above resting levels..

7. Factors Related to Aerobic Endurance Performance Lactate threshold –Several studies have shown that an athlete’s lactate threshold appears to be a better indicator of his or her aerobic endurance performance than VO 2 max.. (continued)

8. Factors Related to Aerobic Endurance Performance (continued) Exercise economy –A measure of the energy cost of activity at a given exercise velocity –An improvement in exercise economy can enhance maximal aerobic power (VO 2 max) and lactate threshold.

9. Designing an Aerobic Endurance Program Step 1: exercise mode –Exercise mode is the specific activity performed by the athlete: cycling, running, swimming, and so on. –The more specific the training mode is to the sport, the greater the improvement in performance. (continued)

10. Designing an Aerobic Endurance Program (continued) Step 2: training frequency –Training frequency is the number of training sessions conducted per day or per week. –The frequency of training sessions will depend on the interaction of exercise intensity and duration, the training status of the athlete, and the specific sport season. (continued)

11. Designing an Aerobic Endurance Program (continued) Step 3: training intensity –Adaptations in the body are specific to the intensity of the training session. –High-intensity aerobic exercise increases cardio- vascular and respiratory function and allows for improved oxygen delivery to the working muscles. –Increasing exercise intensity may also benefit skeletal muscle adaptations by affecting muscle fiber recruitment. (continued)

12. Designing an Aerobic Endurance Program (continued) Step 3: training intensity –Heart rate The most frequently used method for prescribing aerobic exercise intensity

13. Table 20.1

14. Designing an Aerobic Endurance Program Target heart rate calculations –Karvonen method Age-predicted maximum heart rate (APMHR) = 220 – age Heart rate reserve (HRR) = APMHR – resting heart rate (RHR) Target heart rate (THR) = (HRR × exercise intensity) + RHR Do this calculation twice to determine the target heart rate range (THRR). (continued)

15. Designing an Aerobic Endurance Program (continued) Target heart rate calculations –Percentage of maximal heart rate method Age-predicted maximum heart rate (APMHR) = 220 − age Target heart rate (THR) = (APMHR × exercise intensity) Do this calculation twice to determine the target heart rate range (THRR). (continued)

16. Designing an Aerobic Endurance Program (continued) Step 3: training intensity –Ratings of perceived exertion scales Can be used to regulate intensity of aerobic endurance training across changes in fitness level May be influenced by external environmental factors

17. Table 20.2

18. Designing an Aerobic Endurance Program Step 3: training intensity –Metabolic equivalents (METs) One MET is equal to 3.5 ml·kg –1 ·min –1 of oxygen consumption and is considered the amount of oxygen required by the body at rest. (continued)

19. Designing an Aerobic Endurance Program (continued) Step 3: training intensity –Power measurement Cyclists may use power-measuring cranks and hubs to regulate exercise intensity. Metabolic rate is closely related to mechanical power production. Step 4: exercise duration –Exercise duration is the length of time of the training session.

20. Key Point The duration of a training session is often influenced by the exercise intensity; the longer the exercise duration, the lower the exercise intensity.

21. Designing an Aerobic Endurance Program Step 5: exercise progression –Progression of an aerobic endurance program involves increasing the frequency, intensity, and duration. –Frequency, intensity, or duration should not increase by more than 10% each week. –When it is not feasible to increase frequency or duration, progression can occur with intensity manipulation. –Progression of intensity should be monitored to prevent overtraining. (continued)

22. Table 20.4

23. Types of Aerobic Endurance Training Programs Long, slow distance training –Training distance greater than race distance (or 30 minutes to 2 hours) –Intensities equivalent to 70% of VO 2 max –Adaptations from this exercise include the following: Enhances the body’s ability to clear lactate Causes an eventual shift of Type IIx fibers to Type I fibers –Intensity is lower than that of competition, which may be a disadvantage if too much LSD training is used.. (continued)

24. Types of Aerobic Endurance Training Programs (continued) Pace/tempo training –Intensity at or slightly above competition intensity, corresponding to the lactate threshold Steady pace/tempo training: 20 to 30 minutes of continuous training at the lactate threshold Intermittent pace/tempo training: series of shorter intervals with brief recovery periods –Objectives Develop a sense of race pace and enhance the body’s ability to sustain exercise at that pace Improve running economy and increase lactate threshold (continued)

25. Types of Aerobic Endurance Training Programs (continued) Interval training –Exercise at an intensity close to VO 2 max for intervals of 3 to 5 minutes. Work:rest ratio should be 1:1. –This allows athletes to train at intensities close to VO 2 max for a greater amount of time. –It increases VO 2 max and enhances anaerobic metabolism. –Interval training should be used sparingly, and only when training athletes with a firm aerobic endurance training base.... (continued)

26. Types of Aerobic Endurance Training Programs (continued) High-intensity interval training (HIIT) –Uses repeated high-intensity bouts interspersed with brief recovery periods. –Athletes need to spend several minutes above 90% of VO 2 max for an optimal stimulus. –May be effective for improving running economy and running speed. –An example for long-interval HIIT is ≥2 to 3 minutes at 90% VO 2 max, with relief bouts of ≤2 minutes.... (continued)

27. Types of Aerobic Endurance Training Programs (continued) Fartlek training –Combines other methods of training –Easy running (~70% VO 2 max) combined with hills or short, fast bursts (~85-90% VO 2 max) –Can be adapted for cycling and swimming –Benefits are likely to include Enhanced VO 2 max Increased lactate threshold Improved running economy and fuel utilization...

28. Key Point The various types of training induce different physiological responses. A sound program should incorporate all types of training into the athlete’s weekly, monthly, and yearly training schedule.

29. Application of Program Design to Training Seasons Off-season (base training) –Begin with long duration and low intensity. Gradually increase intensity and, to a lesser extent, duration. Preseason –Focus on increasing intensity, maintaining or reducing duration, and incorporating all types of training. In-season (competition) –Program should be designed around competition, with low- intensity and short-duration training just before race days. Postseason (active rest) –Focus on recovering from the competitive season while maintaining sufficient fitness.

30. Key Point A sound year-round aerobic endurance training program should be divided into sport seasons with specific goals and objectives designed to improve performance gradually and progressively.

31. Special Issues Related to Aerobic Endurance Training Cross-training –A mode of training that can be used to maintain general conditioning in athletes during periods of reduced training due to injury or during recovery from a training cycle. (continued)

32. Special Issues Related to Aerobic Endurance Training (continued) Detraining –Detraining occurs when the athlete reduces the training duration or intensity or stops training altogether due to a break in the training program, injury, or illness. –In the absence of an appropriate training stimulus, the athlete experiences a loss of the physiological adaptations brought about by training. (continued)

33. Special Issues Related to Aerobic Endurance Training (continued) Tapering –Tapering is the systematic reduction of training duration and intensity combined with an increased emphasis on technique work and nutritional intervention. –The objective of tapering the training regimen is to attain peak performance at the time of competition. (continued)

34. Special Issues Related to Aerobic Endurance Training (continued) Resistance training –Research is limited, but some data suggest that benefits can be derived from performing resistance training during aerobic endurance training. –Benefits may include Improvement in short-term exercise performance Faster recovery from injuries Prevention of overuse injuries and reduction of muscle imbalances –It can improve hill climbing, bridging gaps between competitors during breakaways, and the final sprint. (continued)

35. Special Issues Related to Aerobic Endurance Training (continued) Altitude –The height above sea level ranging from >500 m to >5,500 m –Acclimatization may occur between 12 and 14 days at moderate altitudes up to 2,300 m, but can take up to several months. –In order to see an ergogenic effect, athletes need a hypoxic dose ≥12 hours/day for a minimum of three weeks at moderate altitude.