1. Biotechnology: using living systems to improve human life

2. The Latest Biotechnologies

3. A. GloFish

4. B. Insect/machine combinations

5. C. Synthetic Transplants

6. D. Animal Surrogate Transplants

7. E. Engineered Plants/Animals

8. The Genome:

9. - The totality of DNA base pairs in the cells of a species -exact sequence of DNA bases -All the ACTGs on each chomosome

10. Sequenced Genomes 1.Human 2.Chimpanzee 3.Rice 4.Malaria parasite 5.E. coli 6.Lab mouse 7.Drosophila melanogaster

11. National Genome Project -Director: Francis Collins -“blue print” of human body: the “holy grail” -12 year project -Funded by U.S. Government

12. How it will change our lives: -Gene screening at an early age -Designer drugs -Design babies -Genetic counselors -Genetically modified organisms

13. Genome is the future of medicine -Pre-treat disease and illness before it manifests itself -Changed our legal system, medical science, understanding evolution

14. Genetic Engineering: cloning and genetic modification

15. Genetic Engineering: altering an organisms genes through human activity

16. Genetically Modified Foods/Organisms -genes from one species placed in another organism (Transgenic) -increased food production -may have adverse environmental effects -possible cures and therapies for humans

17. Cloning: producing a population of genetically identical cells from a single cell

18. History of cloning

19. 1953: Watson and Crick-discover the structure of DNA

20. 1978: 1 st child born conceived In Vitro

21. 1984: Dr. Steen Willadsen-clones first sheep from embryonic cells

22. 1997: Ian Wilmut - 1 st mammal cloned from an adult cell nucleus (Dolly)

23. 2005: South Korea: 1 st dogs cloned

24. 3 Types of Cloning

25. 1. DNA cloning: producing exact replicas of segments of DNA

26. Steps: 1.Desired segment(s) of DNA are cut from original strand. 2.“Pasted” into a bacterial plasmid which replicates itself quickly

27. 2. Reproductive Cloning: creating an animal that has the same DNA as another animal

29. 3. Therapeutic Cloning: the production of human embryos for research – stem cells

30. Uses of Cloning

31. 1. Stem Cell Benefits -may help cure/solve diseases and disorders Ex. Alzheimer’s, parkinson’s, paralysis, etc.

32. 2. Reproduce animals with special qualities

33. 3. Cloning Endangered Species

39. 4. Resurrecting Extinct Animals

43. 5. Organ Transplants

44. Stem Cells: undifferentiated cells that can become any type of cell Stem Cells Skin Cells Neuron (nerves) Bone Cell Muscle Cells Cardiac Muscle

45. Stem Cell Types 1.Adult Stem Cells: limited potential to make other cells Ex. Blood vessels, bone marrow, retina 2.Fetal Tissue Stem Cells: found in fetuses 3 months or younger; great potential; great controversy

46. Stem Cell Levels 1.Unipotent: can only differentiate into one type of cell (ex. Spermatogonia  Sperm) 2.Multipotent: can differentiate into a few types cells (ex. Bone marrow  Red blood cells, white blood cells) 3.Pluripotent: can differentiate into almost any type of cell (embryonic cell  muscle, bone, skin, nerves) 4.Totipotent: can become any cell type (zygote  any type of cell)