1. 6/14/2016AOMIP - 2012 Sea level Atlantic-to-Arctic: an examination of the altimeter record Gennady Chepurin and James Carton Dept. Atmospheric and Ocean Science University of Maryland ERS-2/Envisat tandem flight (from pictures kindly provided by ESA)

2. 6/14/2016AOMIP - 2012 years repeat time latitude Geosat 1985-90 17 72 ERS-1 1991-2000 35 82 T/P 1992-2002 10 62 ERS-2 1995-2003 35 82 GFO 1998-2008 17 72 Jason 1 2001-2009 10 62 Envisat 2002-2010 35 82 Jason 2 2008- 10 62 Cryosat 2 2010- 369 88 SSH Satellites AVISO gridded merged

3. 6/14/2016AOMIP - 2012 Similarity of tide gauge and satellite SSH Corr. = 0.72 Richter et al., 2012; Volkov & Pujol, 2012

4. 6/14/2016AOMIP - 2012 Interannual Variations in the Nordic and Barents Seas blue lines: satellite SSH anomalies near corresponding tide gauges; red lines: smoothed tide gauges data RMS Satellite

5. 6/14/2016AOMIP - 2012 SST as a proxy for Heat Content SST’– HC’ correlation (from SODA) SST’ and HC’ time series SST HC ABC Winter0.820.750.88 Summer0.570.690.72 Seasonality of SST/HC(300m) correlations

6. 6/14/2016AOMIP - 2012 SST-SSH correlations In the sub-arctic gyre interannual variations (upper left panel) in sea level are in good agreement with both temperature and salinity variations because deep winter time mixing here. In the Greenland and Norwegian seas salinity variations play an important role. In the Barents Sea a contribution of atmospheric forcing to the interannual sea level variations is high especially in its northern part. On seasonal time scale correlations between SST and SSH (upper right panel) are high everywhere where ocean is deeper than ~1000 meters (black contour line) and considerably lower in shallow waters of Barents, North, Baltic and Bering seas. Interannual Seasonal RMS SST RMS SSH

7. 6/14/2016AOMIP - 2012 Trend Left panel shows linear trend ( O C/yr) in SST; right panel shows linear trend (cm/yr) in SSH.

8. 6/14/2016AOMIP - 2012 SST and SSH interannual variations Greenland Sea Sub-Arctic gyre

9. 6/14/2016AOMIP - 2012 SST and SSH seasonal cycle

10. 6/14/2016AOMIP - 2012 Seasonal SSH

11. 6/14/2016AOMIP - 2012 Seasonal vertical propagation Deep WaterBarents Sea

12. 6/14/2016AOMIP - 2012 CRYOSAT - 2 Cryosat-2 – Envisat difference

13. 6/14/2016AOMIP - 2012 Summary Seasonal Tide gauge variations > satellite SSH variations, but phase agrees. Seasonal SSH phase lags deepwater SSH by 2-3 months in shallow Barents Sea and near the Norwegian coast due to vertical propagation of the seasonal signal in temperature and salinity in shallow water. Interannual Tide gauge variations may be > satellite SSH variations, but phase agrees. SSH variations are 4.5-5.5 cm in the sub-arctic gyre and Norwegian Sea, ~2.5 cm in the Barents and Greenland Seas. Different driving mechanisms sub-arctic gyre interannual SSH, SST, temperature and salinity variations are driven by changes in deep winter time mixing (and thus are in phase). Barents Sea significant wind-driven mass changes, especially in its northern part. Greenland and Norwegian Seas: salinity variations important. Trends Everywhere in the Nordic Seas SSH increased during 1992-2012. The highest level rise is about 7 mm/yr (not accounting for GIA) and it appears in the sub-arctic gyre near the south-east coast of Greenland. Norwegian Sea the maximum trend in sea level is ~5 mm/yr, and in the Baltic Sea it changes from ~2.5 mm/yr on south to practically zero on north.

14. 6/14/2016AOMIP - 2012 Thank you

15. 6/14/2016AOMIP - 2012 SST and HC(300m) correlations Table 1. Cross-correlations Labrador SeaNorwegian SeaBarents Sea SSTHCNAOSSTHCNAOSSTHCNAO SST 10.67-0.7110.750.2310.850.43 HC 0.671-0.370.7510.230.8510.47 NAO -0.71-0.3710.23 10.430.471 Table 2. Seasonal SST/HC(300m) correlations Labrador SeaNorwegian SeaBarents Sea Winter 0.820.750.88 Summer 0.570.690.72