1. The formation and dynamics of cold-dome northeast of Taiwan 報告人：沈茂霖 (Mao-Lin Shen) 2015/5/17 Seminar report

2. Mao-Lin Shen, Dept. of Atmospheric Sciences, NTU Page 2 2015/5/17 Outlines Domain describtion Observations Numerical results and mechanic discussions Conclusions

3. Mao-Lin Shen, Dept. of Atmospheric Sciences, NTU Page 3 2015/5/17 Numerical Model Fig. 1b. Schematic of the study region. MHC NMHC

4. Mao-Lin Shen, Dept. of Atmospheric Sciences, NTU Page 4 2015/5/17 Observations Microwave (MW) and InfraRed (IR) merged Sea Surface Temperature (SST) provided by Remote Sensing Systems (RSS) MW and IR merged SST data available on 0.09°×0.09° spatial resolution over the global region (±90°). Time-longitude SST anomalies in the north of Taiwan and four events were checked. Argo data.

5. Mao-Lin Shen, Dept. of Atmospheric Sciences, NTU Page 5 2015/5/17 Fig. Time-longitude plot of SST anomalies in the north of Taiwan (25.4°N-25.9 ° N). 2007 2008 2009

6. Mao-Lin Shen, Dept. of Atmospheric Sciences, NTU Page 6 2015/5/17 Observations Fig. 2. SST results. 1 Oct 200718 Oct 2007 16 May 2008 23 Sep 2008

7. Mao-Lin Shen, Dept. of Atmospheric Sciences, NTU Page 7 2015/5/17 Observations Fig. 3. The temperature contour and velocity fields at depth 6m on day 157 and 226, Year 37. Day 157 Day 226

8. Mao-Lin Shen, Dept. of Atmospheric Sciences, NTU Page 8 2015/5/17 Observations Fig. 4. The Argo data since 3 Aug 2001 to 6 Sep 2009, and only 2047 data are available.

9. Mao-Lin Shen, Dept. of Atmospheric Sciences, NTU Page 9 2015/5/17 Observations Fig. 5. The Argo data measured on Kuroshio main stream, in which has maximum salinity larger than 34.7 [Chuang et al, 1993], totally 9 profiles in JJA.

10. Mao-Lin Shen, Dept. of Atmospheric Sciences, NTU Page 10 2015/5/17 Observations Fig. 7. Argo data taken from the float WMO No. 2900797.

11. Mao-Lin Shen, Dept. of Atmospheric Sciences, NTU Page 11 2015/5/17 Observations Fig. 8. Argo data taken from the float WMO No. 2900819. Typhoon Kalmaegi 7/16~7/18

12. Mao-Lin Shen, Dept. of Atmospheric Sciences, NTU Page 12 2015/5/17 Observations Many events (local winds variation, typhoons, or winter intrusion of Kuroshio) merged with the cold- dome variation and make the analysis difficult. Fewer field measures to have a good comprehension. Lack of current velocities. Few information was carried by Argo trajectories. Of WMO No. 2900797, the vertical temperature difference are about 3-5 ℃ on 12 Dec and 16 Dec.

13. Mao-Lin Shen, Dept. of Atmospheric Sciences, NTU Page 13 2015/5/17 Numerical results No special events interrupted. Current velocities clearly identified. Three spots were considered: Taiwan Strait Water (TSW), Cold-Dome Water (CDW), Kurioshio Surface Water (KSW). Temperature variation Motion of water parcel Influence of topography change Effect of wind-driven upwelling

14. Mao-Lin Shen, Dept. of Atmospheric Sciences, NTU Page 14 2015/5/17 Numerical results Fig. 12. Temperature comparison of the three selected boxes. Upper 30 m averaged was taken.

15. Mao-Lin Shen, Dept. of Atmospheric Sciences, NTU Page 15 2015/5/17 Numerical results Fig. Motion of flow particle in Kuroshio Subtropical Water.

16. Mao-Lin Shen, Dept. of Atmospheric Sciences, NTU Page 16 2015/5/17 Topography change Fig. Comparison of flow field and temperature contour of different topography. Origional (FO) Depth = 80 m (F080) Depth = 100 m (F100) Depth = 60 m (F060)

17. Mao-Lin Shen, Dept. of Atmospheric Sciences, NTU Page 17 2015/5/17 Topography change Fig. 16. Temperature comparison among three marked region of the four numerical experiments. TSW KSW CDW

18. Mao-Lin Shen, Dept. of Atmospheric Sciences, NTU Page 18 2015/5/17 Numerical results Fig. (a) upwelling velocities of TWS and CDW, and (b) the wind-induced temperature difference variation. (a)(b)

19. Mao-Lin Shen, Dept. of Atmospheric Sciences, NTU Page 19 2015/5/17 Numerical results Fig. 13. Temperature difference comparison: (a) the total one of TSW and CDW; (b) the convection-induced one of TSW and CDW; (c) the vertical temperature difference on depth 6 m and on depth 54 m of TSW, CDW, and KSW, respectively.

20. Mao-Lin Shen, Dept. of Atmospheric Sciences, NTU Page 20 2015/5/17 Numerical results Fig. Cross-correlation of temperature difference: blue line, the total one and the convection one; red line, the total one and the turbulent diffusive one.

21. Mao-Lin Shen, Dept. of Atmospheric Sciences, NTU Page 21 2015/5/17 Numerical results Fig. 3. The temperature contour and velocity fields at depth 6m on day 157 and 226, Year 37. Day 157 Day 226

22. Mao-Lin Shen, Dept. of Atmospheric Sciences, NTU Page 22 2015/5/17 Conclusions Formation of cold-dome of northeast Taiwan is combined by many regional effects, such Kuroshio axis migration, topography change, wind-driven upwelling, vortex shedding, ocean surface mixing. Main mechanics of the formation was verified by numerical experiments, in which special events were not considered. Wind-driven upwelling introduces little temperature variation except typhoon events.

23. Mao-Lin Shen, Dept. of Atmospheric Sciences, NTU Page 23 2015/5/17 Conclusions Topography plays a main role in this region. Numerical experiments show that TSW dominates northeast Taiwan while bathymetry shallower than original one. Convection has faster influence, and turbulent diffusion has more contribution. However, it also denotes the cold-dome can be disturbed easily. The cyclonic eddy reserves the cold water.

24. Mao-Lin Shen, Dept. of Atmospheric Sciences, NTU Page 24 2015/5/17 Thank you for your attention.