1. Urbanisation in LEDCS
How does the MEDC land use model compare to that of an LEDC?
What are the push and pull factors for people moving from towns to cities in LEDCs?
How does urbanisation affect cities in LEDCs?

2. LEDC OR MEDC?

3. Waugh’s Urban model - LEDCs
Similaries
Differences
OR write a paragraph to explain how they are similar / different

4. ANSWER
In cities in both MEDCs and LEDCs there is a CBD usually near the centre of the city. The poorer part of the MEDC city is the inner city and the zone of transition, which are close to the CBD. In an LEDC city the poorest people live in shanty towns (favela’s). Many of these are on the outskirts of the city but others are found near transport routes or where there are unfavourable physical sites such as steep slopes.

5. This is Calcutta (India) and it has grown as a result of migration and other factors
Looking at this give two Physical & two Human Factors that caused the growth of Calcutta’s population.

9. CASE STUDY: Sao Paulo
Where is it?
Sao Paulo is a city located

10. WHY SO MANY PEOPLE?
The population of Sao Paulo has grown for a number of reasons.
Natural Increase is one reason for its growth (this is when the birth rate is higher than the death rate).
The population has also grown as the result of urbanisation. The has been caused by rural to urban migration. Millions of people have migrated from Brazil's rural areas to Sao Paulo. In Sao Paulo 65% of urban growth is a result of migration. This is caused by a variety of push and pull factors.

11. PUSH PULL Mechanisation of farms and shortage of alternative jobs
Flooding of land from projects such as the Caatinga with little compensation.
High Infant Mortality due to lack of clean water, electricity, sewage & medical care
Housing in rural areas even poorer than cities also poorer services
Drought meaning crops failed
Advertising campaigns were run in rural areas in the 1950’s & 1960’s to attract workers to the city
More schools and other services in the city
Better housing and a chance of obtaining a job
Successful migrants encourage people to join them

12. WHAT PROBLEMS DID THIS RAPID GROWTH CAUSE?
Inadequate housing and services – 40% live in shanty towns or favelas which lack basic amenities such as sanitation, sewerage, water and electricity. These services are not capable of maintaining a basic standard of living.
Shortage of affordable formal housing
Shanty (favela's) are found on inappropriate land e.g. land that could to prone to landslips as they are on steep slopes or on land that is badly polluted by neighbouring industry. Shelters are made of wood and hence could burn down.
Collapsing Infrastructure – Government can’t cope with the increases in population as don’t have the money to invest in maintaining the existing facilities let alone improve them.
Increasing levels of pollution – air, land and water pollution as the country tries to industrialise and legislation to improve the environment is often non existent also small industries often pollute these are informal and set up in peoples homes.
Increase volumes of traffic
Lack of employment means people are looking for other ways to earn money many will work in the informal sector e.g. porters, shoe shiners this is employment for half the city’s work force

13. WHAT ARE THE CONDITIONS LIKE?
The rapid growth of Sao Paulo's population has led to a severe shortage of housing. Millions of people have been forced to construct their own homes from scrap materials such as wood, corrugated iron and metals. These areas of temporary accommodation are known as favelas in Brazil.
The conditions associated with favelas are very poor. Often families have to share one tap, there is no sewerage provision, disease is common and many people are unemployed.

14. NO SEWERS NO CLEAN WATER NO ELECTRICITY NO SANITATION 40%
Inadequate housing and services – live in shanty towns or favela’s which lack basic amenities such as sanitation, sewerage, water and electricity. These services are not capable of maintaining a basic standard of living.

15. CORRUGATED IRON ROOFS WOOD RUBBISH DUMPS
Shelters are often made of scraps of wood and can easily burn down. They may also be located near industrial sites that badly pollute the land.

16. Sao Paulo’s Traffic Congestion is notorious
Sao Paulo’s Traffic Congestion is notorious. With all the increase in migrants per year this is only going to get worse.
The amount of traffic will not only affect peoples ability to move around the city but will also affect air quality. Brazil’s car users do at least use alternative fuels to try to combat the problem.

17. WHERE ARE THESE FAVELAS LOCATED?
By looking at the Hoyt Model both MEDC and LEDCs have their CBD’s in the centre however this is where the similarity ends. In MEDC’s the poorer housing tends to be in the inner city and the zone of transition. Favelas are located on the edge of most major Brazilian cities. They are located here for a number of reasons.
Firstly, this is the only available land to build on within the city limits.
Secondly, industry is located on the edge of the cities. Many people need jobs therefore they locate close to factories. Some of these settlements may be 40 or 50 km from the city centre (on the edge of the city), along main roads and up very steep hillsides.

18. BUILT ON MARGINAL LAND
Shanty towns are often built on land that no one else can use. Often this is very steep land as it is very difficult to build formal housing here. This land is prone to landslips when it rains and many people can be killed