1. Starter- What do these images have to do with Marxist theory?

2. Planning the ‘Marxist’ Crime and deviance essay Using material from Item A and elsewhere, assess different Marxist views of the relationship between crime and social class. (21 marks)

3. Tasks for today: Complete a mind map on Marxist theory covering all the points you need to use for your exam and the key scholars. Complete the comparison grid. Complete an essay plan for: Using material from Item A and elsewhere, assess different Marxist views of the relationship between crime and social class. (21 marks)

4. What to think about… How do Marxist view society (theory background)? How does the Marxist approach ‘contrast’ with other approaches (similarities/differences)? What does the Marxist approach offer that is new? What different issues do the Marxists focus on regarding deviance? What studies are essential? How can the Marxists be criticised?

5. 1. Basic concepts Class conflict Exploitation Ruling class ideology Conditioning False consciousness Social control

6. 2. What key things do Marxists explore in terms of deviance? Manipulation of values How what we define as deviant (and who we see as deviant) is moulded by ruling class ideology. Laws as an instrument of the ruling class Who benefits? How do laws help protect the interests of the powerful? How do laws help to control the working class? Invisibility of white collar crime How the powerful commit crimes for personal gain and how they harm ordinary people but escape conviction. Why are these invisible? How does this question the usefulness of crime statistics? How does this challenge earlier theories?

7. Capitalism causes crime How the values at the heart of capitalist society drive people to criminal behaviour (normal). How inequality causes frustration. Selective policing How the police focus on working class crime. Think about links to white collar crime and how it is ‘un- policed’ Neo-Marxists to follow

8. 3.Contrasting with other theories Traditional Marxism FunctionalismSubcultural theory What society sees as deviant Types of deviance explored The nature of laws Causes of crime Enforcement of laws Role of media Relationship between class and crime Subcultures Usefulness of official crime statistics

9. 4. Key studies/thinkers Manipulation of values – Chambliss Law as an instrument of the ruling class – Chambliss/Snider/ /Box White Collar Crime – Slapper and Toms Capitalism causes crime – Gordon/Chambliss Selective Policing – Gordon/Box

10. 5. Evaluation ContributionsWeaknesses/Ignore

11. NEO-MARXIST THEORIES Show how these were a development from earlier Marxism. What did they retain? What did they Change? New Criminology (1973) New Left Realism (1984)

12. New Criminology Emerged1973 ThinkersTaylor, Walton & Young Gilroy Hall Phil Cohen Main idea Blended labelling and Marxism. How capitalism is the backdrop to deviance, but need to look at individual – motives/perception of society/ choices. Concern for bias in the media (stereotyping) and moral panics. Social control to deal with crisis in hegemony. Selective policing. Can’t trust crime statistics. Crime is political (symbolic resistance) Major focus on ethnicity and crime Other idea Youth subcultures (symbolic resistance) Skinheads/punks/football hooliganism/rastas

13. New Left Realism Emerged1984 ThinkersLea & Young Main idea Crime is a real problem (rely on statistics more). Reflected on British Crime Survey 1983 – victims. Riots were a concern/ethnicity and crime Crime is not symbolic Crime is caused by capitalism- because it causes relative deprivation that leads to crime- we should look at working class victims of crime rather than focus on white collar crime. Key causes of crime Relative deprivation Subculture Marginalisation

14. 6. Structure Introduction Different approaches to crime…blame individual (values, frustration), blame society (causing poverty, labelling etc). Marxists are a conflict theory that is less trusting of our laws/police…and focused on how crime is natural to capitalism/the powerful use laws to benefit themselves etc Basic Marxist background just show awareness – short paragraph..indicate basic theoretical contrast (very brief) Manipulation of values Explore this and contrast with functionalist view of origins of laws/ shared values etc (quite short)

15. Laws serve ruling class Present this argument with examples. Contrast with functionalist view. (medium) White collar crime Begin with Funct view that crime is working class. Crime statistics as proof. Caused by values, frustration etc. then explore what white collar crime is, levels of damage, types and why hard to detect. DEAL WITH CRIME STATISTICS ISSUE HERE (like labelling, Marxists lack faith in stats because of selectivity/invisibility – this may need a separate paragraph for methodology) (detailed/long) Capitalism causing crime Present and show how similar to Merton etc but critical of capitalist economy and inequality (brief) Selective Policing Present (show how similar to labelling) but how funct disagree (brief)

16. Critique of trad Marxism.outline main weaknesses/ignores (medium) New Criminology Present theory and how overcomes some of trad Marxist criticisms. Pick up on the use of media to divide and distract population (Hall’s 1978 mugging study) is it still relevant? PoMo? Neo-Marxist critique Outline main weaknesses/ignores. Is it still relevant? PoMo? this could come from, New Left Realism Present – show how it developed from NC and show similarities and difference but in a Marxist framework, so supportive but shows that New Criminology needs to acknowledge the w/c victims of crime. Criticise with Feminists such as Walklate who argue that crimes against women are not as result of ciminogenic capitalism or the redistribution of wealth, they are a result of patriarchy and fragile masculinity- Marxism ignores this. Overall evaluation Summarise key contributions…how it helps us…but contrast to others and say what it doesn’t help so much with…