1. ______ Management & ______________ Notes Classes, Functions, Methods, & Risk 1

2. _______ Any _______ that interferes in some way with ________ welfare or activities 2

3. Protecting Food Resources: Pest Management Organisms found in nature (such as __________) control populations of most pest species as part of the earth’s free ecological services. We use __________ to repel or kill pest organisms as plants have done for millions of years. Chemists have developed hundreds of chemicals (pesticides) that can kill or repel pests. – Pesticides vary in their persistence. – Each year > __________ people in the U.S. become ill from household pesticides. 3

4. Protecting ______ Resources: Pest Management _____________ and __________ of conventional chemical pesticides. Figure 13-28 4

5. Classification of Pesticides _________ - a toxic chemical that kills plants Insecticides - a toxic chemical that kills insects Rodenticides - a toxic chemical that kills rodents Fungicides - toxic chemical that kills fungi ___________ - a toxic chemical that kills nematodes (roundworms) Algaecides - A toxic chemical that kills algae Bactericides - a toxic chemical that kills bacteria ____________ - toxic chemical that kills fish (unwanted species) 5

6. Pesticides _______________ Pesticides – Characteristics: Composed of compounds that retain their toxicity for ____ periods of time. They work their way up the food _______ through animals and may accumulate in their ______ tissues and stay indefinitely. – Examples: _____ and other chlorinated hydrocarbons ______ Pesticides – Characteristics: Reduced-risk pesticides. They are ______-term and don’t harm the environment or man. – Examples: ______, oils, plant extracts, ________ soda, and dish liquid. 6

7. Chemical _________ of Pesticides __________________ (chlorides) – Hard/persistent – Toxic in the long term because of ________________ – Not very toxic in the short-term – Ex. ______ _________________ −Soft/not persistent −_______ toxic in the short term −They require very specific safety equipment for application. − Ex. __________ ________________ – Soft/not persistent – Not as toxic as the other two – Most of the ______________ pesticides. – Ex. ____________ 7

8. ___________ Use of Pesticides ___________ Pesticides – ____________ (from chrysanthemums); sulfur and garlic __________ Pesticides – Used during and after WWII and today. 8

9. ___________ of Pesticide Usage ______________ Control – Save human lives – Prevent _______-transmitted diseases, such as malaria (anapheles mosquito), bubonic plague (rat fleas), typhus (body lice & fleas), & sleeping sickness (tsetse fly). _________ Production – Crops such as cotton – Kills _______ like the cotton boll weevil. ______ Production –Increase food supplies and lower food costs. –About 55% of the world’s food supply is lost to pests before (35%) and after (20%) harvest. –Without pesticides these losses would be worse and food prices would rise. 9

10. _________ When Compared to Alternatives Pesticides control most pests _________ and at a ___________ cost. They have a _______ shelf life Easily shipped and applied Are safe when handled __________. When ___________ resistance occurs, farmers can use stronger doses or switch to other pesticides. Proponents feel they are safer than the alternative 10

11. ___________ of Safer Pesticides Botanicals and micro-botanicals ________ to users and less damaging to the environment. Genetic engineering holds _________ in developing pest-_________ crop strains. It is very __________ to develop these, so they are only doing it for large-market crops like wheat, corn, and soybeans. 11

12. ________ Associated with Pesticide Usage ___________ Organisms affected – Pesticides don’t stay put but end up in environment. – USDA says that only ___%of insecticides from aerial or ground spraying actually reaches target pests – Only ____% of herbicides applied to crops reaches target weeds. – Pesticides may be responsible for killing import species such as _______ ______________ – Superpests are resistant to pesticides. Superpests like the silver ________ (left) challenge farmers as they cause > $_____ million per year in U.S. crop losses. 12

13. Pesticide _______ Problems ____________ – Genetic ___________ to pesticides. – Insects breed rapidly; within ______ years (sooner in tropics) they can develop __________ to pesticides and come back stronger than before. – Weeds and plant-________ organisms also become resistant. – ______ insect and mite species, ______ weed species, _____ plant diseases, and ____ rodent species (mostly rats) have developed genetic resistance to pesticides. – At least _____ insect pest species are resistant to all major classes of insecticides 13

14. Case Study: Growing Germ Resistance to __________ Rapidly producing infectious bacteria are becoming ________ resistant to widely used __________ due to: – Genetic ___________: Spread of bacteria around the globe by humans, overuse of pesticides which produce pesticide resistant insects that carry bacteria. – Overuse of __________: A 2000 study found that half of the antibiotics used to treat humans were prescribed unnecessarily. 14

15. Additional Pesticide Usage Problems Formation of _______ Pests – Turning of ______ pest into ______ pests. – The natural predators, parasites, & competitors of a pest may be killed by a pesticide it allows the pest population to rebound. – EX. _____ to control insect pests on lemon trees caused an outbreak of a scale insect (a sucking insect that attacks plants) that had not been a problem. ____________ Contamination – Pesticides run off into our water as we spray for bugs & stay on our food. – Example: cyanide in apple seeds 15

16. _______________ Many pesticides stay in the environment for a very _____ time. Ex. Biomagnification of _____ Increase severity higher up in the ______ ______. 16

17. ____________ / ______________ Increase in the concentration of a chemical in specific organs or tissues at a level higher than normal. Stored in body _____ and can be passed along to offspring. Usually a concern to organisms higher on the food chain. – ________________ – concentration of contaminant increases in individual. – _______________ – concentration of contaminant increases as you go up the food change 17

18. Case Study: _________, Japan Mental impairments, birth defects, and deaths were caused by __________. The mercury ________ in Minamata Bay by a factory entered humans through their diet of ______. 18

19. Pesticide Poisoning _____________: – Nausea, vomiting, and headaches. – More serious can result in damage to the nervous system & other body organs. __________ have been shown to cause lymphomas, leukemia, brain, lung, and testicular cancers. – Researchers have noted a correlation between a high level of pesticides in the breast's fatty tissue and cancer. Examples: The _______estimates that more than 3 million people are poisoned by pesticides each year, & about 220,000 die. 19

20. __________ Poisoning (_______) __________ exposure to high levels of pesticides can result in harm to organs and even death (______) __________ exposure to lower levels of pesticides can cause cancer. (________) __________ are at a greater risk than adults. 20

21. __________ Toxicity _______ – the amount that enters the body of an exposed organisms. _________ – the type and amount of damage that exposure to a particular dose causes. 21

22. Measuring acute toxicity Determine the LD 50 – Lethal dose concentration that kills 50% of the population. – Units of mg/kg – The smaller the LD 50 the more toxic the chemical. – The larger the LD 50 the less toxic the chemical. Assumed that a chemical with several low LD 50 for multiple organisms is toxic in humans. – ED 50 is often used to determine the effective dose of a chemical to exhibit whatever the study is examining. 22

23. ______ = Lethal Dose for ____ % of Population Exposed 23

24. Analysis of ________ __________________– shows the effect of __________ doses on a population of test organisms. __________ – the ___________ dose with no measurable effect (or the minimum dose with a measurable effect). Toxicologist assume that doses ________ than the threshold level will not have an effect on the organism and are _______. NO threshold level With threshold level Dose-Response Curves 24

25. 25

26. National ________ Institute ___________ have been shown to cause lymphomas, leukemia, brain, lung, and testicular cancers. The issue of whether certain pesticides cause ________ cancer remains unresolved Researchers have noted a _________ between a high level of pesticides in the breast's fatty tissue and cancer. 26

27. How Pesticides _________ __________________ – Some interfere with the nervous system, cause uncontrollable muscle twitching or paralysis. Ex. Spectracide, Nicotine, DDT, Dursban, & Diazinon. ________________ – Some pesticides inhibit photosynthesis and prevent chlorophyll formation. Ex. Stampede, Pyrazon. ______________ – The vapors kill the pest by suffocating the animal. Soap can smother soft bodies of insects. Ex. flea collars, pest strip, and soap. ______________ – Uses the fossilized remains of tiny, one-celled organisms called diatoms. It kills insects by scratching their wax outer covering and causing them to dehydrate. This is a soft pesticide. 27

28. The _______ Pesticide & Insect Pests The ________pest-killing chemical has these qualities: – Kill ______ target pest. – _____ cause genetic resistance in the target organism. – Disappear or break down into __________ chemicals after doing its job. – Be more ___________ than doing nothing. Characteristics: would kill only organism it was intended to harm, and not any other species. It would be broken down by natural chemical ___________ or by ____________ organisms. – Example: Would break down into safe materials such as water, carbon dioxide, and oxygen. Would stay where it was put and not move around in the environment. There is ____ such thing! 28

29. Pesticide Release __________ Pesticide companies must use ____ methods to determine pesticides ________ threats: – ____________– (made to physicians) about people suffering from adverse health effects – __________________– (usually on animals) to determine toxicity, residence time, what parts of the body are affected and how the harm takes place. – ______________ – (in populations of humans exposed) used to find why some people get sick while others do not 29

30. Pesticides and the ______ The _____ & _______ are responsible for the overseeing the laws. Restrictions are set by the EPA. The EPA sets a ________ level specifying the amount of toxic pesticide residue that can legally remain on the crop when the consumer eats it. EPA sets the “________________” – The last day you can spray crops before you harvest them for human consumption. – Important timeline ramifications. 30

31. ______ ________ - The Federal Insecticide, Fungicide & Rodenticide Act – Established in 1947 & revised as recently as 1996. – States what must be on a pesticide _______& requires registration of all pesticides. ________ - Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act – Strengthened in 1996 – Sets pesticide ___________ levels _______ - Food Quality Protection Act – Established in 1996 – ________ both FIFRA and FFDCA. 31

32. ________ _____________ The ________ name The ingredient statement The percentage or amount of __________ ingredient(s) by weight The net contents of the container The name and address of the _____________ Registration and establishment numbers Harvesting and/or grazing restrictions Signal words and symbols _____________ statement Statement of practical treatment Environmental hazard statement Classification statement __________ for use Re-entry statement __________ and __________statement. 32

33. ______________ Rachel Carson lived from 1907 to 1964. She published her famous work __________in 1962. 33

34. R. Carson - Contributions “Pesticide sprays, dusts, and aerosols are now applied almost universally to farms, gardens, forests, and homes - non selective chemicals that have the power to kill every insect, the good and the bad, to still the song of birds and the leaping of fish in the streams, to coat the leaves with a deadly film and to linger on soil - all this though the intended target may be only a few weeds or insects. Can anyone believe...... it is possible to lay down such a barrage of poisons on the surface of the earth without making it unfit for life? They should not be called insecticides, but biocides.” Silent Spring heightened public awareness and concern about the dangers of uncontrolled use of DDT and other pesticides, including poisoning wildlife and contaminating human food supplies. 34

35. ___________ Pest ___________ (IPM) A limited use of pesticides along with other practices. 35

36. Other Ways to Control _______ There are cultivation, biological, and ecological alternatives to conventional chemical pesticides. – Fool the pest through cultivation practices. – Provide _______ for the pest enemies. – Implant genetic resistance. – Bring in __________ enemies. – Use pheromones to lure pests into traps. – Use __________ to disrupt life cycles. 36

37. __________ Methods - ________ This includes _______ between different ______, selecting pest-resistant varieties, planting pest-free rootstock, and vacuuming up harmful bugs. 37

38. Cultural Methods - Traditional “__________” Each crop is evaluated as parts of an ecological __________. A control program is developed that includes a _____ of cultivation, biological, and chemical methods applied in proper _________ with the proper timing. 38

39. ___________ Methods Using __________ predators, pathogens & parasites to ______ population of pests. Ex. _________ Biological pest control: Wasp parasitizing a gypsy moth caterpillar. 39

40. ___________ Methods ________ - using disease organisms (bacteria and viruses) to control pests. ________ - Used for insect wars, especially by organic farmers. – EX. The _________ __________ (Bt) toxin is a registered pesticide sold commercially as a dry powder. – Each of the thousands of strains of this common soil bacteria kills a specific pest. 40

41. Biological Methods Natural ____________ Garlic, sulfur, pyrethrins (from ______________) to help control pests. _____________ Synthesized bug _____ attractant used to lure pests into traps or attract their predators. 41

42. Other Methods _______ of Application – Adjusting __________ times so that major insect pests either ________ or get ______ by their natural predators. ________ of Crops – Switching from ___________ monocultures to intercroping, agroforestry, and polyculture, which use plant _________ to reduce losses to pests. 42

43. Additional Methods ______________ Plastics – Using _________ that degrades slowly in sunlight to keep weeds from sprouting between crops. _______________ – Males of some insect species can be raised in the laboratory, sterilized by radiation or chemicals, and released into an infested area to mate unsuccessfully with fertile wild females. – Males are sterilized rather than females because the male insects mate several times, whereas the females only mate once. 43

44. _________ Methods Genetic ___________ can be used to develop pest and disease resistant crop strains. Both ____________ plants were exposed to destructive caterpillars. The genetically altered plant (right) shows little damage. 44

45. Genetic Methods - ___________ Crops Plants and animals that are ___________ to certain pest insects, fungi, and diseases can be developed. – can take __________years. Genetic engineering is now helping to speed up this process through the development of ___________ crops. 45

46. Genetically Modified The process of making a genetically modified organism. ‣ Genetically modified organisms (_______) or genetically modified foods (GMFs) have environmental ______________: Higher yields per acre and thus less land is needed. Permits low tillage which reduces soil erosion, energy consumption and water loss. Lower fertilizer requirement, drought, disease, frost, salinity and pest resistance. ‣ ________________: Resistance may impact beneficial insects Native plant diversity impacted Higher yields require higher inputs of herbicides and pesticides Lower genetic variability 46

47. ______________ of GMOs ‣ _______________________(GMOs) or genetically modified foods (GMFs) have economic _______________: Permits low tillage which _________ soil erosion, retaining soil nutrients, reducing energy consumption and water loss. _________ yields per acre with lower fertilizer, pesticide, & herbicide use Reduced _________ gas emissions ‣ _______________: Greater soil ____________ with high cost associated with high dosage of fertilizers and pesticides Patented seeds are often more __________ Risk of ____________ rejection 47

48. Fig. 13-30, p. 299 What Can You Do? Reducing Exposure to Pesticides Grow some of ________ food using organic methods. Buy __________ food. _________ and _________ all fresh fruits, vegetables, and wild foods you pick. Eat less or no ________. Trim the ______ from meat. 48

49. Risks & Hazards Risk is a measure of the likelihood that you will suffer harm or die from a hazard. We can suffer from: – _____________hazards: from more than 1,400 pathogens that cause disease. Malaria, AIDs, FLU – _____________ hazards: a toxin in air, water, soil, and food can cause temporary or permanent harm or death ____________are chemicals or forms of radiation that cause or increase the frequency of mutations in DNA. ____________are chemicals that cause harm or birth defects to a fetus or embryo. ____________- are chemicals or types of radiation that can cause or promote cancer. – Physical hazards: such as fire, earthquake, volcanic eruption… – Cultural hazards: such as smoking, poor diet, unsafe sex, drugs, unsafe working conditions, and poverty. 49

50. Biological Hazards: __________ Diseases not caused by living organisms cannot spread from one person to another (_______________ disease), while those caused by living organisms such as bacteria and viruses can spread from person to person (_____________ or infectious) Transmissible Disease 50

51. _______________ Disease _____ estimates that each year the world’s seven deadliest infections kill ______ million people – most of them the _____ in developing countries. 51

52. Case Study: The Growing Global Threat from ____________ The highly infectious tuberculosis (TB) kills ____ million people per year and could kill 25 million people 2020. Recent increases in TB are due to: – Lack of TB __________ and control programs especially in __________ countries due to expenses. – Genetic ____________ to the most effective antibiotics. 52

53. _________ Diseases Flu, HIV, and hepatitis B viruses infect and kill many more people each year then highly publicized West Nile and SARS viruses. – The _____________ virus is the biggest killer virus worldwide. Pigs, chickens, ducks, and geese are the major reservoirs of flu. As they move from one species to another, they can mutate and exchange genetic material with other viruses. _____ is the second biggest killer virus worldwide. Five major priorities to slow the spread of the disease are: – Quickly reduce the number of new infections to prevent further spread. – Concentrate on groups in a society that are likely to spread the disease. – Provide free HIV testing and pressure people to get tested. – Implement educational programs. – Provide free or low-cost drugs to slow disease progress. 53

54. Case Study: ___________ – Death by Mosquito Malaria kills about ___ million people per year and has probably killed more than all of the wars ever fought. Spraying insides of homes with low concentrations of the pesticide ______ greatly reduces the number of malaria cases. – Under international treaty enacted in 2002, DDT is being _______ out in developing countries. 54

55. Ecological Medicine and Infectious Diseases Mostly because of human ________, infectious diseases are moving at ________ rates from one animal species to another (including humans). Ecological (or conservation) medicine is devoted to tracking down these __________ between _________ and _______to determine ways to slow and prevent disease spread. This is difficult because of the movement of humans in air travel. 55

56. Chemical ________ A toxic chemical can cause temporary or permanent harm or death. – __________ are chemicals or forms of radiation that cause or increase the frequency of mutations in DNA. – ___________ are chemicals that cause harm or birth defects to a fetus or embryo. – ___________ are chemicals or types of radiation that can cause or promote cancer. 56

57. Chemical Hazards A hazardous chemical can harm humans or other animals because it: – Is _____________ – Is __________ – An ________ – Interferes with oxygen _______ – Induce _________ reactions. 57

58. ______ of Chemicals on the Immune, Nervous, and Endocrine Systems Long-term exposure to some chemicals at low doses may disrupt the body’s: – _____________: specialized cells and tissues that protect the body against disease and harmful substances. – ____________: brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves. – _____________: complex network of glands that release minute amounts of hormones into the bloodstream. 58

59. _______________ Disruptors Chemical that mimics or interferes with the actions of the ____________ system in humans and wildlife. – _________ with the synthesis, secretion, transport, binding, action, or elimination of ________hormones in the body that are responsible for the maintenance of homeostasis (normal cell metabolism), reproduction, development, and/or behavior. 59

60. Bisphenyl A (_____) A possible endocrine disruptor Chemical used in the manufacturing of many hard _________ polycarbonate products – Baby bottles, toys, sports drink containers. Unclear to the amount of exposure – Concentrations need to be determined. 60

61. Results Of Hormone Disrupters ___________ Hormones 1940s-1970s pregnant women given DES (synthetic estrogen) to help prevent ____________ Daughters -- vaginal cancer Sons -- testicular cancer Chemical Pesticides & Hormones – 1997, average ________ counts among men in U.S. declined ~ 50% during past 50 years – Incidence of puberty in pre-schoolers 61

62. Case Study: A Black Day in ________, India The _______ worst industrial accident occurred in 1984 at a _________ plant in Bhopal, India. – An explosion at Union Carbide pesticide plant in an underground storage tank released a large quantity of highly toxic _______________(MIC) gas. – _____________ people died – Indian officials claim that simple ________ could have prevented the tragedy. 62

63. _________: Assessing Chemical Hazards _________ determining the ______ caused by exposure to a chemical include: – The _________ of exposure (dose). – The ___________ of exposure. – The person ______ is exposed. – The effectiveness of the body’s _____________ systems. – One’s genetic _________. 63

64. Toxicology: Assessing Chemical Hazards __________ are more susceptible to the effects of toxic substances because: – Children breathe ______ air, drink more water, and eat more food per unit of body weight than adults. – They are exposed to toxins when they put their fingers or other objects in their _______. – Children usually have _____ well-developed immune systems and detoxification processes than adults. 64

65. __________________ The ________ of identifying, assessing and reducing risks. Involves conducting a risk assessment. 65

66. Risk Analysis Number of deaths per year in the world from various causes. Parentheses show deaths in terms of the number of fully loaded 400- passenger jumbo jets crashing every day of the year with no survivors. Malnourished persons lead cause of death. 66

67. Perceiving Risk (___________) Most individuals evaluate or calculate the relative risk they face based on: – Degree of __________. – _________ of unknown. – Whether we voluntarily take the risk. – Whether risk is ____________. – Unfair distribution of risk. Sometimes misleading information, denial, and irrational fears can cloud judgment. 67

68. Comparisons of risks people face expressed in terms of shorter average life span. Strategies to reduce the amount of risk Figure 18-14 68

69. ________ Risk And Human Health 69

70. Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products (PPCPs) - Denton Waste Water Treatment Facility can identify when school is in session at UNT and TWU due to spike in estrogen levels within the water. Thalidomide and morning sickness Lipstick and lead http://www.ewg.org/skindeep/ Website ranks from 1 -10, these are 10’s 70

71. ____________ Factors ► Toxicity / Pathogenicity of the _______ ► Quantity & Frequency ► __________ of exposure (Acute, Sub-chronic, Chronic) ► ________ of Exposure ● Ingestion, Absorption, Inhalation, Injection, Placental ● Distribution, Metabolism, Storage, Excretion ► ___________ Characteristics (Range of Tolerance) ● Age, gender ● General health, nutrition, prior conditions, genetics, obesity ► Modifying factors ● Synergistic, Additive or Antagonistic 71

72. ~ 10% of Nearly _______ Chemicals Thoroughly Screened For Toxicity ~ ____% Adequately tested to determine if: - Carcinogenic - Mutagenic - Teratogenic (birth Defects) __________ New Chemicals Each Year  U.S. National Academy of Sciences Risk ???? Thalidomide and morning sickness Agent orange birth defects 72