1. Transition from higher education to work Gender differences in employment outcomes of university graduates in Greece Dr. Maria Karamessini Panteion University of Social and Political Sciences 2009 IAFFE Annual Conference, Boston MA, June 26-28

2. Purpose: study the determinants Greece has the highest rate and largest gender gap in youth unemployment in the EU-27 University graduates – highest incidence of unemployment and temporary employment among the 20-29 year olds Greek women outstrip men in enrolments in higher education and get on average higher marks Important gender differences in labor market outcomes in the early careers of graduates

3. LABOUR MARKET OUTCOMES 5-7 YEARS AFTER GRADUATION MEN % WOMEN % GENDER GAP All graduates Activity rate90.691.2-0.6 Unemployment rate5.97.2-1.3 All employed Self-employment rate25.415.69.8 Dependent workers Public employment rate31.742.3-10.6 Full-time employment rate92.157.77.0 Permanent employment rate75.768.37.4 Wage earners receiving >1100 euros50.328.022.3 Job match with studies74.071.32.7 Job satisfaction65.162.72.4 GENDER DIFFERENCES STUDIED GENDER DIFFERENCES STUDIED

4. Data, variables, methods (1) Micro-data from a nation-wide survey among 13,615 university graduates from the 1998- 2000 cohorts Logistic regression analysis – to estimate the odds, 5-7 years after graduation, of being: Active vs. inactive, employed vs. unemployed, employee or self-employed, in permanent vs. temporary employment, full vs. part-timer, well-paid vs. medium or low paid, in a job matching vs. not matching the content of studies, satisfied vs. non satisfied or indifferent from the current job

5. Data, variables, methods (2) EXLANATORY VARIABLES a) Socio-demographic: Sex, social origin, presence/No of children b) Educational: field of study, motivation for studies at entry, grades c) Human capital accumulation during undergraduate studies (traineeship, work experience ) and after graduation (post- graduate studies, participation to ALMP scheme, age or time lapse since graduation) d) Job mobility: number of jobs held e) Employer characteristics : private/ public sector, size of firm

6. Data, variables, methods (3) Direct effect of gender (coefficient of sex in the equation) Indirect effect of gender stemming from gender differences in the other explanatory variables except sex - Mean values (quantitative variables) - Dissimilar distributions (categorical variables) Overall gender impact = direct + indirect effect

7. Results: Direct gender effect (1) DEPENDENT VARIABLES Logits FIELD OF STUDYIN THE EQUATION FIELD OF STUDY NOT IN THE EQUATION Active vs. non active graduates with children9.869.25 graduates without children1.421.40 Employed vs. unemployed graduates with children3.834.26 graduates without children0.891.03 Self-employed vs. wage earner1.682.30 Employed in the public vs. private sector0.620.54

8. Results: Direct gender effect (2) DEPENDENT VARIABLES Logits SUBJECT AREAS IN THE EQUATION SUBJECT AREAS NOT IN THE EQUATION Full-time vs. part-time worker graduates with children 2.633.61 graduates without children 1.311.65 Permanent vs. temporary worker*0.84 Receiving earnings higher vs. lower than 1,100€1.712.22 Job matching vs. non matching with studies*1.33 Job satisfaction vs. non satisfaction/ indifference ***

9. Results: indirect gender effect (1) 1. Activity rate (GG= - 0.6 pp) Gender differences Presence of children: narrow Age: narrow Military service: widen Post-graduate studies: widen Parental income: widen Mother’s educational attainment: widen Field of studies: widen

10. Results: indirect gender effect (2) 2. Unemployment rate (GG = -1.3 pp) Gender differences Presence of children: widen Undergraduate work experience: narrow Time lapse since graduation: no gen. dif. Number of jobs: narrow Participation to ALMP scheme: widen Traineeship during studies: narrow Field of studies: widen

11. Results: indirect gender effect (3) 3. Self-employment rate (GG = 9.8 pp) Gender differences Presence of children: widen Age: widen Post-graduate studies: narrow Parental income: widen Father’s educational attainment: widen Field of studies: widen

12. Results: indirect gender effect (4) 4. Public employment rate (GG = -10.6 pp) Gender differences Age: widen Grade of degree: narrow Post-graduate studies: narrow Delay in completion of studies: widen Field of studies: widen

13. Results: indirect gender effect (5) 5. Full-time employment rate (GG = 7 pp) Gender differences Presence of children: widen Time lapse since graduation: no gend. dif. Public/ private sector: narrow Parental income: widen Field of studies: widen

14. Results: indirect gender effect (6) 6. Permanent employment rate (GG= 7.4 pp) Gender differences Time lapse since graduation: no gend. dif. Grade of degree: narrow Number of jobs before current: narrow Time lapse between current and previous job: widen Public/ private sector and firm size: widen Post-graduate studies: widen Field of studies: widen

15. Results: indirect gender effect (7) 7. Rate of highly paid employees (GG = 22.3 pp) Gender differences Undergraduate work experience: narrow Time lapse since graduation: no gend. dif. Post-graduate studies: widen Presence of children: narrow Public/ private sector and firm size: widen Full or part-time employment: widen Permanent or temporary employment: widen Job match or mismatch: no impact Field of studies: widen

16. Results: indirect gender effect (8) 8. Rate of employees with jobs matching their studies (GG = 2.7 pp) Gender differences Delay in the completion of studies: narrow Scientific interest for the field of study at entry: narrow Post-graduate studies: widen Public/ private sector of employment: narrow Field of studies: widen

17. Results: indirect gender effect (9) 9. Job satisfaction rate (GG = 2.4 pp) Gender differences Permanent or temporary employment: widen Full or part-time employment: widen Job match or mismatch: no effect Advancement perspectives in current job: widen Public or private sector of employment: narrow Grade of degree: widen