1. 1 Neuroscience and Behavior Chapter 2 Sections 8 - 12

2. 2 Discussion #8 What are the functions of limbic system structures? –hippocampus –amygdala –hypothalamus »Hunger (LH, VMH) »Pleasure (reward center)

3. 3 The Limbic System is a doughnut-shaped system of neural structures at the border of the brainstem and cerebrum, associated with emotions such as fear, aggression and drives for food and sex. It includes the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus. The Limbic System

4. 4 Amygdala The Amygdala [ah-MIG- dah-la] consists of two lima bean-sized neural clusters linked to the emotions of fear and anger.

5. 5 Hypothalamus The Hypothalamus lies below (hypo) the thalamus. directs several maintenance activities like eating, drinking, body temperature, and control of emotions. helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland.

6. Hypothalamus – Hunger Control Lateral Hypothalamus - LH –Neural activity here creates hunger –Destroy it, and no interest in food forever VentroMedial Hypothalamus – VMH –Neural activity here stops hunger –Destroy it, and you will be hungry forever 6

7. Hypothalamus – Hunger Control 7

8. 8 Rats cross an electrified grid for self-stimulation when electrodes are placed in the reward (hypothalamus) center. When the limbic system is manipulated, a rat will navigate fields or climb up a tree. Pleasure – the Reward Center Sanjiv Talwar, SUNY Downstate

9. Discussion #8 Post your Notes from the lecture and discussion. Post a Reflective post: what do you think about this material? Go around and read your table group posts. Rate the Notes with a 6, and the Reflections with a 10. What questions do you have for them?

10. 10 Discussion #9 How is the cerebral cortex organized? What are the four main areas?

11. 11 The Cerebral Cortex The intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells that covers the cerebral hemispheres. It is the body’s high-level control and information processing center.

12. 12 Structure of the Cortex Each brain hemisphere is divided into four lobes that are separated by prominent fissures. These lobes are the frontal lobe (forehead), parietal lobe (top to rear head), occipital lobe (back head) and temporal lobe (side of head).

13. Discussion #9 Post your Notes from the lecture and discussion. Post a Reflective post: what do you think about this material? Go around and read your table group posts. Rate the Notes with a 6, and the Reflections with a 10. What questions do you have for them?

14. 14 Discussion #10 What are the functions of the cerebral cortex? Motor Cortex Sensory Cortex Association Areas Language –Aphasia Broca’s area Wernicke’s area

15. 15 Functions of the Cortex The Motor Cortex is the area at the rear of the frontal lobes that control voluntary movements. The Sensory Cortex (front of the parietal lobes) receives information from skin surface and sense organs.

16. 16 Homonculus: the “little man” within Motor homunculus: This model shows what a man's body would look like if each part grew in proportion to the area of the cortex of the brain concerned with its movement.

17. 17 Homonculus: the “little man” within Sensory homunculus: This model shows what a man's body would look like if each part grew in proportion to the area of the cortex of the brain concerned with its sensory perception.

18. 18 Visual Function The functional MRI scan shows the visual cortex is active as the subject looks at faces. Courtesy of V.P. Clark, K. Keill, J. Ma. Maisog, S. Courtney, L.G. Ungerleider, and J.V. Haxby, National Institute of Mental Health

19. 19 Auditory Function The functional MRI scan shows the auditory cortex is active in patients who hallucinate.

20. 20 More intelligent animals have increased “uncommitted” or association areas of the cortex. Association Areas

21. 21 Association Area Phineas Gage had frontal lobe damage, which changed his moral / ethical behavior. His personality was so different, his friends said he “was no longer Gage”.

22. 22 Language Aphasia is an impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca’s area (impaired speaking) or to Wernicke’s area (impaired understanding).

23. 23 Specialization & Integration Brain activity when hearing, seeing, and speaking words

24. Discussion #10 Post your Notes from the lecture and discussion. Post a Reflective post: what do you think about this material? Go around and read your table group posts. Rate the Notes with a 6, and the Reflections with a 10. What questions do you have for them?

25. 25 Discussion #11 Is the brain capable of reorganizing itself if damaged? Can you give an example?

26. 26 The brain is sculpted by our genes but also by our experiences. Plasticity refers to the brain’s ability to modify itself after some types of injury or illness. The Brain’s Plasticity

27. Discussion #11 Post your Notes from the lecture and discussion. Post a Reflective post: what do you think about this material? Go around and read your table group posts. Rate the Notes with a 6, and the Reflections with a 10. What questions do you have for them?

28. 28 Discussion #12 What is a split brain, and what does it reveal about brain functioning?

29. 29 Our Divided Brain Our brain is divided into two hemispheres: the left hemisphere processes reading, writing, speaking, mathematics, and comprehension skills. In the 1960s, it was termed as the “dominant brain”. The right hemisphere performs perceptual tasks: spatial relationships, reading emotions, inferences, insight, the “big picture”, the overall “meaning” of a situation The two hemispheres communicate through a huge bundle of nerves called the corpus callosum.

30. 30 Splitting the Brain A procedure in which the two hemispheres of the brain are isolated by cutting the connecting fibers (mainly those of the corpus callosum) between them. Corpus Callosum Martin M. Rother Courtesy of Terence Williams, University of Iowa

31. 31 Split Brain Patients With the corpus callosum severed, objects (apple) presented in the right visual field can be named. Objects (pencil) in the left visual field cannot.

32. 32 Divided Consciousness

33. 33 Try This! Try drawing one shape with your left hand and one with your right hand, simultaneously. BBC

34. Discussion #12 Post your Notes from the lecture and discussion. Post a Reflective post: what do you think about this material? Go around and read your table group posts. Rate the Notes with a 6, and the Reflections with a 10. What questions do you have for them?