1. Bell Ringer Please complete the concept drawing on your desk by following the provided directions. If you have any questions, please feel free to ask. When you are finished, please prepare for the DYRT (Did You Read This?) Quiz that pertains to the reading assignment that you had for homework.

2. Cradles of Civilization Variations on Agriculture Variations on Agriculture As agriculture spread, different areas began to grow different crops that were suited to their environment. As agriculture spread, different areas began to grow different crops that were suited to their environment. These places where people began to settle down, grow crops, and start villages became known as the Cradles of Civilization. These places where people began to settle down, grow crops, and start villages became known as the Cradles of Civilization. Most of these areas were in river valleys and the first was Mesopotamia, an area of land between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. Most of these areas were in river valleys and the first was Mesopotamia, an area of land between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. Other river valleys include the Nile in Egypt, the Indus in India, and the Huang He in China Other river valleys include the Nile in Egypt, the Indus in India, and the Huang He in China From these first sites, modern man has spread throughout the entire world. From these first sites, modern man has spread throughout the entire world.

4. Examples of Early Cities Aleppo, Jericho, and Catal Huyuk are examples of early cities that are studied by archaeologists. Aleppo, Jericho, and Catal Huyuk are examples of early cities that are studied by archaeologists. Aleppo Aleppo One of the oldest still inhabited cities in the world today – it has been occupied since around 5000 B.C. (B.C.E). One of the oldest still inhabited cities in the world today – it has been occupied since around 5000 B.C. (B.C.E). Located in modern day Syria, apart of the Fertile Crescent. Located in modern day Syria, apart of the Fertile Crescent. It occupies a strategic trading point midway between the Mediterranean Sea and the Euphrates River. It occupies a strategic trading point midway between the Mediterranean Sea and the Euphrates River. The main role of the city was as a trading place. The main role of the city was as a trading place.

5. Examples of Early Cities (cont’d) Jericho Jericho The city was in existence by 8000 B.C. (B.C.E). The city was in existence by 8000 B.C. (B.C.E). Located in modern day Israel, apart of the Fertile Crescent. Located in modern day Israel, apart of the Fertile Crescent. Just like Aleppo, it was also used for trade – mainly salt. Just like Aleppo, it was also used for trade – mainly salt.

6. Examples of Early Cities (cont’d) Catal Huyuk Catal Huyuk Located in modern day Turkey. Located in modern day Turkey. It’s walls enclosed 32 acres and up to 6,000 people, making it the first urban settlement for security. It’s walls enclosed 32 acres and up to 6,000 people, making it the first urban settlement for security. The city grew many different crops and developed artisans (manufacturers.) The city grew many different crops and developed artisans (manufacturers.) It is an example of a Neolithic settlement currently under excavation by archaeologists. It is an example of a Neolithic settlement currently under excavation by archaeologists.

7. Stonehenge A monument, or possibly a temple, whose construction began during the Neolithic Age and was finished during the Bronze Age. A monument, or possibly a temple, whose construction began during the Neolithic Age and was finished during the Bronze Age. Located on the Salisbury Plain in England. Located on the Salisbury Plain in England.

9. Life in Ancient Societies As villages turned into cities, men took over the work of farming because they were no longer hunting. As villages turned into cities, men took over the work of farming because they were no longer hunting. Because of this, the role of women changed to that of family caregiver and society became mostly male dominated ( patriarchal ). In most cultures, the man was the main provider of food. Because of this, the role of women changed to that of family caregiver and society became mostly male dominated ( patriarchal ). In most cultures, the man was the main provider of food. New Technology and the Progress of Time: New Technology and the Progress of Time: Copper Age Copper Age The first metal used by ancient man was copper. The first metal used by ancient man was copper. Because it was a natural metal it could be cast into tools. Because it was a natural metal it could be cast into tools. Bronze Age Bronze Age Later, copper was mixed with tin to make bronze. Later, copper was mixed with tin to make bronze. It was the metal of choice from about 3000-1200 B.C. (B.C.E.) It was the metal of choice from about 3000-1200 B.C. (B.C.E.) Iron Age Iron Age About 1,000 B.C. (B.C.E.) the use of iron became common. About 1,000 B.C. (B.C.E.) the use of iron became common. It was a naturally occurring metal, but required mining. It was a naturally occurring metal, but required mining.

10. Life in Ancient Societies (cont’d) Agricultural Surplus: Agricultural Surplus: As farming technology improved people were able to grow the food they needed, plus extra. As farming technology improved people were able to grow the food they needed, plus extra. With extra food, people could now work off the farm as well – led to the emergence of artisans (manufactures) of various goods such as weapons, jewelry, clothing, pottery, etc. With extra food, people could now work off the farm as well – led to the emergence of artisans (manufactures) of various goods such as weapons, jewelry, clothing, pottery, etc. Storage of Food: Storage of Food: Pottery and other devices were invented as ways to hold extra food. Pottery and other devices were invented as ways to hold extra food. This extra food as vital for feeding a growing population. This extra food as vital for feeding a growing population.

11. Life in Ancient Societies (cont’d) Specialization of Labor: Specialization of Labor: People could focus on one particular technology and skill improved. People could focus on one particular technology and skill improved. Artisans: Artisans: People who made crafts such as textiles (fabrics), pottery, jewelry, etc. People who made crafts such as textiles (fabrics), pottery, jewelry, etc. People could do what they were good at instead of having to farm. People could do what they were good at instead of having to farm. Trade: Trade: As artisans made goods they began to exchange goods with other villages, and later cities, who had different goods – this is known as a barter system. As artisans made goods they began to exchange goods with other villages, and later cities, who had different goods – this is known as a barter system.

12. Civilization An agricultural surplus led to the emergence of civilization – complex culture (the way of life of a group of people) where humans share common elements. An agricultural surplus led to the emergence of civilization – complex culture (the way of life of a group of people) where humans share common elements. The Characteristics of a Civilization – what did civilizations produce? The Characteristics of a Civilization – what did civilizations produce? Cities Cities Governments – usually monarchies (kings and queens) Governments – usually monarchies (kings and queens) Religion Religion Social structure/classes Social structure/classes Art Art Writing and written records Writing and written records

13. Characteristics of a Civilization Cities: Cities: The first civilizations developed in river valleys, which allowed for large- scale farming to take place. The first civilizations developed in river valleys, which allowed for large- scale farming to take place. Constant water supply Constant water supply Fertile soil Fertile soil As populations grew, villages grew into cities. As populations grew, villages grew into cities.

14. Characteristics of a Civilization (cont’d) Government: Government: The need for government emerged to manage many aspects of city life, including the food supply and the defense of the city from invaders. The need for government emerged to manage many aspects of city life, including the food supply and the defense of the city from invaders. Most early governments were monarchies (kings and queens). Most early governments were monarchies (kings and queens).

15. Characteristics of a Civilization (cont’d) Religion: Religion: Religion developed originally as a way to explain natural occurrences. Religion developed originally as a way to explain natural occurrences. People believed that it was important for gods and goddesses to be kept happy because they had a direct impact on their lives. People believed that it was important for gods and goddesses to be kept happy because they had a direct impact on their lives. This gave priests special power and make them important figures. This gave priests special power and make them important figures. Also, many rulers said their power came from the gods or they were gods themselves. Also, many rulers said their power came from the gods or they were gods themselves.

16. Characteristics of a Civilization (cont’d) Social Structure: Social Structure: As economic power rose, there also rose divisions between the different social classes. As economic power rose, there also rose divisions between the different social classes. The upper class was made up of priests, government officials, and warriors. The upper class was made up of priests, government officials, and warriors. The lower class was made of free people, farmers, artisans, and craftspeople. The lower class was made of free people, farmers, artisans, and craftspeople. Below these groups were the slaves, usually prisoners of war. Below these groups were the slaves, usually prisoners of war.

17. Characteristics of a Civilization (cont’d) Art: Art: Once people had a steady food supply there was more time for artistic activity. Once people had a steady food supply there was more time for artistic activity. Artistic activities included: Artistic activities included: Building temples and pyramids Building temples and pyramids Painting Painting Sculpture Sculpture Jewelry Jewelry

18. Characteristics of a Civilization (cont’d) Writing: Writing: Writing developed as a way to keep records and pass on information. Writing developed as a way to keep records and pass on information.

19. Exit Ticket: Today in class we learned about the characteristics of a civilization. In other words, what makes a civilization a civilization. These characteristics include: cities, government, religion, social structure, art, and writing. Out of these six characteristics, which of the following do you believe to be the most important? Why? Please write your response using 3-5 complete sentences.