1. Indus River Valley Civilization Directions: Using pages 170-174 in your text, the attached reading, and your own knowledge, classify the information about the Indus River Valley Civilization (Harappan). In the first column list the FACTS that scientists know about the civilization and in the second column list the CONCLUSIONS scientists have reached. Words: suggests, think, must have, probably, concluded, appear, indicate

2. FACTSCONCLUSIONS

3. Assignment Read pages 170 -174 Read pages 170 -174 –Complete page 174 #2, 3, 5 only

4. 2:50

5. Facts Facts Largest of early civilizations Largest of early civilizations –(2500BC-1500BC) Developed in river valleys Developed in river valleys urban urban Large cities Large cities –Harappa/Mohenjo Daro Streets – checkerboard pattern Streets – checkerboard pattern Walled fortress Walled fortress Uniform brick Uniform brick Areas of large buildings Areas of large buildings Areas two storied buildings Areas two storied buildings –Bathing Facilities –sewer system Fragments of cloth Fragments of cloth Farmed Farmed Figurines of bulls & women Figurines of bulls & women Clay Seals (carving pictographs) found in Mesopotamia Clay Seals (carving pictographs) found in Mesopotamia Cities built and rebuilt over time – less uniform brick - streets not repaired Cities built and rebuilt over time – less uniform brick - streets not repaired Conclusions Conclusions May have developed from hunting & gathering to agricultural May have developed from hunting & gathering to agricultural Well organized gov’t with building codes – urban planning Well organized gov’t with building codes – urban planning Harappa/Mohenjo Daro –Capital cities of strong empire Districts: gov’t, workshops for craftsmen, and residential Districts: gov’t, workshops for craftsmen, and residential Collected food as form of tax Collected food as form of tax First to grow cotton/domesticate chickens First to grow cotton/domesticate chickens Worshipped Mother goddess, cattle important Worshipped Mother goddess, cattle important Writing system to identify goods Writing system to identify goods Traded with several civilizations Traded with several civilizations Gradual decline: at first thought invaders NOW environmental changes Gradual decline: at first thought invaders NOW environmental changes Final Collapse Aryans maybe – video Final Collapse Aryans maybe – videovideo

6. Roots of Indus Valley Civilization Earliest civilizations in Indus Valley was discovered in 1856 by a railroad crew. Earliest civilizations in Indus Valley was discovered in 1856 by a railroad crew. –Harappa –Mohenjo-Daro or “Hill of the Dead” –Both cities shared urban design and architectural features. –3 miles in circumference with populations of 40,000

7. Indus Valley Civilization Vast territory united in homogeneous culture suggests strong centralized government, integrated economy and good internal communications Vast territory united in homogeneous culture suggests strong centralized government, integrated economy and good internal communications

8. Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa To the north is a citadel or raised area. In Mohenjo-Daro, the citadel is built on an architectural platform about 45 feet above the plain. On the summit was a huge communal bath. Next to the large bath was a huge open space—a granary where food was stored from possible floods. Fortified walls mark the southeast corner.

10. Elaborate Public Baths

12. Bath area Mohenjo-daro (2600-1900 BCE). Almost every house unit at Mohenjo-daro was equipped with a private bathing area with drains to take the dirty water out into a larger drain that emptied into a sewage drain. Many of these bathing areas had water-tight floors to keep moisture from seeping into the other rooms nearby or below.

13. This brick structure had a hole in the top that was connected to a small drain leading out of the base into a rectangular basin. Early excavators suggested this might have been a toilet.

15. A small well was located in the southeast corner (top right) and circular brick depressions were set into the floor, presumably to hold pottery vessels. The early excavators suggested that the room might have been a dyer's workshop.

16. Standard Weights and Measures Standard Weights and Measures

17. The famous "Dancing girl" found in Mohenjo-daro is an artifact that is some 4,500 years old. The 10.8 cm long bronze statue of the dancing girl was found in 1926 from a house in Mohenjo-daro.

18. Writing Writing §Indus inscriptions are found only on small objects, mostly stone seals and on pottery. § About 3700 inscriptions are presently known. §The inscriptions are all extremely brief, averaging not more than about five signs in a text. Longer inscriptions might have been written on palm leaves or cloth which have perished.

20. Unicorn Seal most common motif on Indus seals

21. Back 2:18

22. Crash Course: Indus Valley Video Crash Course: Indus Valley Video 9:34 Crash Course: Indus Valley Video

23. Early Civilizations of India

24. Assignment Read pages 170 -174 Read pages 170 -174 –Complete page 174 #2, 3, 5 only

25. Dravidians: people of Southern India who may be descended from the ancient Indus River Valley settlers people of Southern India who may be descended from the ancient Indus River Valley settlers video video video

26. 3:36

27. Aryans are not… Aryan race Theory – DISCREDITED Aryan race Theory – DISCREDITED Made popular by Made popular by Arthur de Gobineau famous for developing the theory of the Aryan master race in his book An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races – –1850’s Theories now discredited Theories now discredited

28. Aryans: more correctly Indo-Aryans Aryan race Theory – DISCREDITED Aryan race Theory – DISCREDITED –racial grouping based on distorted interpretation of Vedas –late 19th century to the mid 20th century to describe peoples of Indo-European Eurasian heritage –Derived from the idea that the original speakers of the Indo-European languages and their descendants up to the present day constitute a distinctive race –used by Nazis and others to support claims of supremacy – imagined race that were original Sanskrit speakers

29. Aryans: more correctly Indo-Aryans They are not a master race BUT a part of linguistic family – spoken by Indo-European people They are not a master race BUT a part of linguistic family – spoken by Indo-European people

30. Aryans or Indo-Aryans Migrated into South Asia from north of Black and Caspian Seas - Around 1500 BC Migrated into South Asia from north of Black and Caspian Seas - Around 1500 BC Sanskrit meaning “noble” Sanskrit meaning “noble” Tribes of the Indo-European peoples Tribes of the Indo-European peoples Part of Linguistic family not a race Part of Linguistic family not a race Nomadic herders Nomadic herders Skillful warriors: iron weapons, archers, wheeled wagons (chariots) Skillful warriors: iron weapons, archers, wheeled wagons (chariots) City-states ruled by rajah City-states ruled by rajah May have contributed to final collapse of Indus Valley Civilization May have contributed to final collapse of Indus Valley Civilization

31. Map

32. Influenced Indian Culture: Long lasting effects of Indo-Aryans Long lasting effects of Indo-Aryans –village life –Religion –social structure

33. Village Life Indo-Aryans moved across Indo-Gangetic Plains and settled into villages Indo-Aryans moved across Indo-Gangetic Plains and settled into villages Blended Farming and herding Blended Farming and herding Value on cattle Value on cattle –The word for war meant “a desire for more cows” –Vedas: Rain is like cow’s milk and the sun is its calf” Governing: Rajahs: hereditary chief – rule village Governing: Rajahs: hereditary chief – rule village

34. Vedas (Religious Influence) –oral religious traditions of the Indo- Aryans 4 Vedas: oldest Rig Veda 4 Vedas: oldest Rig Veda Eventually recorded in Sanskrit Eventually recorded in Sanskrit –(written language developed by Indo- Aryans – basis of Hindi) –Aryan and Sanskrit Video (13:08) Aryan and Sanskrit VideoAryan and Sanskrit Video Basis of Hinduism (long lasting effect) Basis of Hinduism (long lasting effect)

35. Varna (Social Structure) Sanskrit meaning color – created a complex system of social order Sanskrit meaning color – created a complex system of social order Social structure and classes of the Indo- Aryans Social structure and classes of the Indo- Aryans –Brahmins: priest –Kshatriyas: warriors –Vaisyas: land owners, merchants, herders –Sudras: servants, peasants (p. 174 quote) evolved into caste (long lasting effect) evolved into caste (long lasting effect) –Caste: rigid system of social ranking by birth

36. Influenced Indian Culture: Long lasting effects of Indo-Aryans Long lasting effects of Indo-Aryans –village life –Religion –social structure

37. Chapter 7 Making Generalizations 1. The geographic feature of South Asia tended to isolate it from other regions. 2. Water is an important and valued resources for farming in South Asia. 3. South Asia is a region of great cultural diversity. 4. The government of the Harappan civilization seemed to have been well organized. 5. Aryan migration to South Asia has had long lasting effects.