1. Descriptive Research Archival Research

2. Types of Research Strategies Non-Experimental Strategies –Descriptive Research Survey Research Archival Research Observational Research – Correlation Research Experimental Research Quasi-Experimental Research

3. Survey Research A self-report method, using questionnaires, personal interviews, telephone, or internet polls

4. Questionnaires Descriptive Questionnaires –Typically asks about factual information that describes a person (e.g., census) Analytical Questionnaires –Asks about information related to attitudes or opinions (e.g., political polls) Instruments (a.k.a., Inventories) –Standardized measures of constructs (e.g., personality traits)

5. Representative Surveys Population Set of all cases of interest Sample Subset of the population

6. Biased Samples A sample that is unrepresentative of the population Selection Bias Procedure to select over or under represents population

7. Biased Samples A sample that is unrepresentative of the population Selection Bias Procedure to select over or under represents population Response Rate Bias The percentage of people who complete survey are not representative of population

8. Who do you know? Princess Diana Dennis Hardcastle Hermann Helmholtz Quentin Tarantino Mario Testino Amelia Earhart Angelina Jolie Susie Gray-Putnam Q-Bert Walt Whitman T. C. Flutie Kofi Annan Apple Blythe Alison Martin Frank Muir Dan Rather

9. Response Set Tendency to respond to all questions from a particular perspective rather than to provide answers that are directly related to the questions Social Desirability BiasSocial Desirability Bias –A response set in which people “fake good”

10. Survey Research Some things are unobservable Able to collect large amounts of data Able to describe small sample for large population Accuracy Representativ e

11. Archival Research An unobtrusive measure that relies on existing records

12. Content Analysis Where a researcher makes inferences based on specific characteristics objectively identified in messages

13. Back et al. (2010). “The Emotional Timeline of September 11, 2001, Psychological Science, 21(10), pp. 1417-1419.

14. Natural Treatments A naturally occurring event that has a significant impact on society at large on a particular members of society

16. Lasting Consequences of 9/11 Americans reduced air travel after 9/11

17. Lasting Consequences of 9/11 More Fatal Accidents

18. Archival Research Advantages Unobtrusive Multi-method contribution of real world behavior Disadvantages Selective Deposit Selective Survival –Errors –Changes

19. Selective Survival What happened… –REP GERALD SOLOMON –REP GERALD SOLOMON: What did you say? You’re trying to shut me off? You better not do that, ma’am… Who do you think you are? What was recorded…. –REP GERALD SOLOMON –REP GERALD SOLOMON: I will say to the gentle lady from whom I have the greatest respect…

20. Archival Research Advantages Unobtrusive Multi-method contribution of real world behavior Disadvantages Selective Deposit Selective Survival –Errors –Changes Spurious Relationships