2. War in Europe and North Africa The Big Idea After fierce fighting in North Africa and Europe, the Allies stopped the German advance and slowly began driving back German forces. Main Ideas The Allies fought back against the Axis Powers in North Africa and Europe. Key Allied victories halted the German advance. In the D-Day invasion, Allied forces attacked German- controlled France.

3. Allies Join Forces  Roosevelt and Churchill meet to develop Allied plan.  Priority: defeat the Germans New Technologies Sonar– uses sound waves to detect objects underwater Long-range aircraft– allowed Allies to drop bombs on German factories, railroads and cities Main Idea 1: The Allies fought back against the Axis Powers in North Africa and Europe.

4. Italy July 1943– Allied forces invaded Sicily and headed to mainland Italy. Slowly moved northward along western coast June 1944– Allied forces captured Rome. 1945– Germans driven out of Italy and Mussolini executed by Italian freedom fighters. Main Idea 2: Key Allied victories halted the German advance. North Africa 1942– German Afrika Korps began North Africa offensive against Egypt. British stopped them at Battle of El Alamein. U.S. and British troops led by Dwight D. Eisenhower advanced from Morocco and Algeria to defeat Germans.

5. Eastern Front Massive German and Soviet armies battled on eastern front. By mid-1942, Axis armies had driven deep into Soviet Union. German forces advanced to fight Battle of Stalingrad. — Savage street fighting continued for months. — German supplies began to run low. — Winter set in and thousands of Germans froze or starved to death. In January 1943 the German commander surrendered. Soviet victory came at an enormous cost. — More than 1 million Soviet soldiers dead — About 800,000 Axis soldiers killed

6. Main Idea 3: In the D-Day invasion, Allied forces attacked German-controlled France. Invasion of German-occupied France First step toward liberating Europe and forcing Hitler to surrender Dwight Eisenhower spent months in planning. June 6, 1944– D-Day, or “designated day” — American, British, and Canadian troops invade France from Great Britain. — Americans landed on two beaches, codenamed Utah and Omaha. — Fierce fighting — Almost 3,000 killed or wounded at Omaha Beach alone. — By end of day, all five Normandy beaches secured. Allies began moving east toward Germany.

7. War in the Pacific The Big Idea Allied forces reversed Japan’s expansion in the Pacific and battled toward the main Japanese islands. Main Ideas The Japanese continued advancing across the Pacific in 1942. The Allies stopped Japan’s advance with key victories over the Japanese navy. The Allies began battling toward Japan.

8. Main Idea 1: The Japanese continued advancing across the Pacific in 1942. Attack on Pearl Harbor left U.S. Pacific fleet weakened. Japan advanced and conquered Thailand, Burma, the British colonies of Hong Kong and Singapore, and the U.S. territories of Guam and Wake Island. Japanese then attacked U.S. controlled Philippines. — American and Filipino forces under command of American general Douglas MacArthur March 1942– Allied forces surrender Philippines to Japan. — Japanese march more than 70,000 captured soldiers to prison camps. — More than 600 Americans and 10,000 Filipinos died in the Bataan Death March.

9. Main Idea 2: The Allies stopped Japan’s advance with key victories over the Japanese navy. Allies feared continued Japanese advance. Americans were able to break Japanese codes and discovered battle plans. American admiral Chester Nimitz led the U.S. Pacific Fleet in Allied response.

10. Guadalcanal Allies began recapturing Japanese territory. August 1942– American Marines invade Guadalcanal. Six months of intense fighting February 1943– Allied victory Key Victories in the Pacific Battle of Midway Japanese planned surprise attack on Midway Islands. June 4, 1942– Japanese attack and American fighters launch American bombers destroy four carriers and severely weaken Japanese naval power. Allied victory Battle of the Coral Sea Japanese planned assault on Port Moresby, New Guinea. American and Japanese aircraft carriers and fighter planes clashed. No clear victor, but Japanese advance halted

11. Main Idea 3: The Allies began battling toward Japan. Allies go on offensive — Develop island hopping strategy, where Allied forces took only the most strategically important islands. — Win victories in Gilbert, Marshall, Mariana, Volcano, and Bonin Islands. October 1944– General MacArthur leads mission to retake Philippines. — Confrontation at Battle of Leyte Gulf– largest naval battle in history — Allies crush Japanese fleet. — Allied forces drive out all Japanese forces by summer 1945. Allied planes begin bombing targets in Japan. — Japanese refused to surrender.

12. February 1945– U.S. Marines storm beaches of Iwo Jima Month of bloody fighting – Of 20,000 Japanese defenders, about a thousand were taken prisoner, the rest were killed or wounded in battle. – Around 6,800 Americans killed April 1945– U.S. forces attack Okinawa. Fighting lasts three months Japanese planes use kamikaze tactic– purposely crashing piloted planes into enemy ships. Severe casualties — Allies: 12,000 dead, 36,000 wounded — Japan: 110,00 troops and 80,000 civilians dead Iwo Jima Final Battles Okinawa