1. American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

2. American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 18 Foreign and Defense Policy The White House/Handou/Getty Images

3. American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Trace the evolution of U.S. foreign and defense policy. Explain U.S. foreign policy as the country rose to become a world power. 18.1 18.2 18 Learning Objectives

4. American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Outline the factors that shape foreign and defense policy decision making. Identify contemporary and defense policy challenges confronting the United States. 18.3 18.4 18 Learning Objectives

5. American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Understand emerging challenges to American foreign policy that have arisen in recent years. 18.5 18 Learning Objectives

6. American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Roots of U.S. Foreign and Defense Policy  Isolationism in the Early Republic  The United States as an Emerging Power  World War I and the Interwar Years 18.1

7. American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Isolationism in the Early Republic  Great Britain v. France Hamilton favored British. Jefferson favored French.  Isolationism Sidestepping "entangling alliances" George Washington's Farewell Address: do not trust foreign alliances, but encourage trade  Monroe Doctrine Warned European powers to stay away from the Western Hemisphere 18.1

8. American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved The United States as an Emerging Power  Trade Policy and Commerce Tariffs Most favored nation status  Continental Expansion and Manifest Destiny Major land takings and purchases Divine plan for expansion to the Pacific: Sorry Native Americans!  Dominance over the Western Hemisphere Roosevelt Corollary 18.1

9. American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved How Did the Roosevelt Corollary Affect American Foreign Policy? 18.1 Bettmann/CORBIS

10. American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved World War I and the Interwar Years  U.S. initially neutral European immigrants to U.S. deeply divided about the war  German submarine warfare Wilson: fighting "to make the world safe for democracy" U.S. entered war in 1917  League of Nations "Collective security"  Disarmament and Isolationism: increased tariffs & public opposition to entering WWII 18.1

11. American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved a.The Monroe Doctrine b.The Roosevelt Corollary c.The League of Nations d.None of the above 18.1 The declaration that the U.S. was responsible for security in Latin America and the Caribbean was: 18.1

12. American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved a.The Monroe Doctrine b.The Roosevelt Corollary c.The League of Nations d.None of the above 18.1 The declaration that the U.S. was responsible for security in Latin America and the Caribbean was: 18.1

13. American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved The United States as a World Power  World War II and Its Aftermath  The Cold War and Containment  The Post-Cold War World  September 11, 2001 and the War on Terrorism  The War in Iraq 18.2

14. American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved World War II and Its Aftermath  U.N. Security Council America's role: "leader of the free world"  President Franklin D. Roosevelt Active role in diplomacy  Economic Peace International Monetary Fund (IMF): stabilize world monetary system World Bank: loans for economic development, General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT): promote international free trade. General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 18.2

15. American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Keystone/Getty Images How Did World War II Change U.S. Foreign Policy? 18.2

16. American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved The Cold War and Containment  Cold War Defining feature of the international system from the end of World War II to collapse of communism in late 1980s and early 1990s  Containment Opposition to Soviet expansion: buy friends – destabilize the friends of our enemies  Deterrence Stockpile of nuclear weapons = "Mutually assured destruction " 18.2

17. American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved The Cold War in Europe  Truman Doctrine American policy of providing economic and military aid to countries fighting communism  Marshall Plan American financing of post-war rebuilding of Europe  North Atlantic Treaty Organization Collective security pact/attack on one is attack on all  Berlin Wall Divided communist East Berlin from democratic West Berlin 18.2

18. American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved The Cold War in Latin America  Cuba Fidel Castro came to power in 1959  Bay of Pigs, 1961 Disastrous attempt to send armed exiles back to Cuba  Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962 Closest world has been to nuclear war President Kennedy established naval blockade of Cuba to prevent installation of Soviet missiles Lasted two weeks; Soviets backed down. 18.2

19. American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved The Vietnam War  Failed attempt by France to reassert colonial rule France withdrew 1954 Vietnam divided into communist North and non-communist South North tried to unify two halves by force  President Lyndon B. Johnson Sent troops to fight North Conflict became unpopular with Americans  President Richard M. Nixon Tried to turn over fighting to South Vietnamese Ultimately, communist North prevailed 18.2

20. American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Détente and Human Rights  President Richard M. Nixon In 1969 declared end to "era of confrontation" and started of "era of negotiation" with Soviets Era called détente Better relations with China (the real one) Strategic Arms Limitations Treaties  President Jimmy Carter Changed direction to focus on human rights (HMJ) Targeted the Shah of Iran Following shah's exile, radical Iranians took American embassy employees hostage 18.2

21. American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved The End of the Cold War  Reagan Doctrine Commitment to combating communism by providing military aid to anti-communist groups  Nicaragua Reagan authorized creation of the Contras, an armed guerilla group, to fight communist Sandinista government Funded by selling arms to Iranian militants: the Iran- Contra Affair  Mikhail Gorbachev's reforms Soviet leader's economic and political reforms meant to strengthen communism that led to its defeat 18.2

22. American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved The Post–Cold War World  Persian Gulf War Operation Desert Storm  World Trade Organization Replaced GATT 18.2

23. American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved September 11, 2001 and the War on Terrorism  September 11 and the War in Afghanistan 19 members of al-Qaeda hijacked four commercial airplanes Two crashed into World Trade Center, one into the Pentagon and one in field in Pennsylvania 18.2

24. American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Thomas Nilsson/Getty Images How Did the September 11 Terrorist Attacks Affect American Foreign Policy ? 18.2

25. American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved The War in Iraq  President George W. Bush Broader foreign policy agenda emerged in 2002 Bush declared Iraq, North Korea, and Iran an "axis of evil"  Operation Iraqi Freedom Divided Americans Not intended to be a long-drawn out war Last American combat forces left in December, 2011 18.2

26. American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved a.Jimmy Carter b.Ronald Reagan c.Bill Clinton d.George W. Bush 18.2 Democratic enlargement, the expansion of democracy and free markets, was embraced by which president? 18.2

27. American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved a.Jimmy Carter b.Ronald Reagan c.Bill Clinton d.George W. Bush 18.2 18.2 Democratic enlargement, the expansion of democracy and free markets, was embraced by which president?

28. American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Foreign and Defense Policy Decision Making  The Constitution  The Executive Branch  Congress  The Judiciary  Interest Groups 18.3

29. American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved The Constitution  Constitutional Convention Foreign policy powers granted to the national government, not the states Foreign policy powers divided between the president and Congress President is commander in chief Congress funds military and declares war President appoints ambassadors, subject to Senate approval 18.3

30. American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved The Executive Branch  The President Preeminent in foreign and defense policy Relies on National Security Council  The Departments of State, Defense and Homeland Security State formulates foreign policy Defense formulates military policy Homeland straddles both policies  The intelligence community Agencies involved in the collection and analysis of information 18.3

31. American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Pablo Martinez Monsivais/AP Images Who are the President's Foreign and Defense Policy Advisors? 18.3

32. American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Congress  Oversight Hearings to monitor agency actions "Fact-finding" missions abroad  Treaties and Executive Agreements Treaties require Senate approval, executive agreements do not.  Appointments Senate's responsibility to provide advice, consent on appointing those involved in foreign and defense policy 18.3

33. American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Congress  Appropriations Can cut funding for military action  The War Powers Resolution President reports to Congress within 48 hours 18.3

34. American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Anonymous/AP Images How Does Congress Exercise Foreign Affairs Oversight? 18.3

35. American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved FIGURE 18.1 How Has Defense Spending Changed Over Time? 18.3

36. American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved The Judiciary  Limited Role Tends to dismiss disputes over foreign policy as political in nature  Civil War Allowed Lincoln to deploy troops without Congressional declaration  World War II Upheld Japanese internment  Guantanamo Bay Mixed rulings 18.3

37. American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Interest Groups  Business Groups Defense industries Military–industrial complex  Ethnic interest groups American-Israel Public Affairs Committee Cuban-American National Foundation 18.3

38. American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Interest Groups  Foreign governments and companies Acquiring foreign aid, preventing hostile bills  Ideological–public interest groups Think tanks, nongovernmental organizations Brookings Institution, Heritage Foundation Amnesty International, Greenpeace 18.3

39. American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved a.Appointments b.Executive agreements c.Treaties d.Appropriations e.None of the above 18.3 To get around Senate approval, presidents sometime turn to this foreign policy tool 18.3

40. American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved a.Appointments b.Executive agreements c.Treaties d.Appropriations e.None of the above 18.3 To get around Senate approval, presidents sometime turn to this foreign policy tool 18.3

41. American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Contemporary Challenges in Foreign and Defense Policy  Trade  Terrorism  Nuclear Weapons 18.4

42. American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Trade  Making Trade Policy Bilateral, regional and global free trade models  The Case of China Bilateral trade relationship has grown dramatically over past three decades 3 issues of concern Loss of American jobs Trade deficit Safety of Chinese imports 18.4

43. American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved FIGURE 18.2 Who are the United States' major trading partners? 18.4

44. American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Terrorism  Making counterterrorism policy Diplomacy Military power Economic power Covert action  The case of al-Qaeda Militant Islamic terrorist group founded in Pakistan in late 1980s Headed by Osama bin Laden at time of September 11, 2001 attacks Now more decentralized 18.4

45. American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Nuclear Weapons  Making arms proliferation policy Disarmament, arms control, denial, and counterproliferation  The case of North Korea Almost no direct diplomatic contacts between U.S. and North Korea Various talks have started, but failed 18.4

46. American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved David Guttenfelder/AP Images How Has the United States Handled Nuclear Proliferation in North Korea? 18.4

47. American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved a.Disarmament b.Arms Control c.Denial d.Defense 18.4 The idea that weapons are an inherent cause of conflict and should be abolished is: 18.4

48. American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved a.Disarmament b.Arms Control c.Denial d.Defense 18.4 The idea that weapons are an inherent cause of conflict and should be abolished is: 18.4

49. American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Toward Reform: New Challenges in American Foreign Policy  Trade, terrorism, and nuclear weapons  Economic growth and influence of China, India, Brazil and Russia  European debt troubles  American public opinion 18.5

50. American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved What Are the BRIC Countries? 18.5 Sergei Karpukhin/Reuters

51. American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved a.Brazil b.Russia c.India d.China 18.5 Relations with this country are challenging because it appears to be both primary challenger to the U.S. and logical partner. 18.5

52. American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved a.Brazil b.Russia c.India d.China 18.5 Relations with this country are challenging because it appears to be both primary challenger to the U.S. and logical partner. 18.5

53. American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Discussion Questions What foreign policy challenges have emerged since the Cold War? What role does each branch of government play in foreign policy? 18

54. American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Further Review  Listen to the Chapter  Study and Review the Flashcards  Study and Review the Practice Tests 18