1. Gears

2. Introduction A gear is a wheel with teeth on its outer edge. Gears rotate on a central axis. The teeth of one gear mesh with or engage the teeth of another gear - transmitting rotary motion. Gears are used to change the torque, speed, and direction of rotation.

3. Driver and Driven Direction of Rotation Two meshed gears always rotate in opposite directions. The driver (or input) gear would be the gear that is moved by a crank handle or motor. The driver’s teeth engage the teeth of the driven (or output) gear, causing it to rotate.

4. Gear Ratio A gear ratio is the ratio used to determine the angular speed and torque of a geared system. Number of driven teeth : Number of driver teeth Also written as: Driven teeth Driver teeth If a set of gears has a driver and driven gearof the same size. The gear ratio would be 1:1. This causes a change in the direction of the motion with no change to speed or torque.

5. Example Driving gear has 30 teeth Driven gear has 10 teeth Find the Gear ratio for the following gear set. Fill in the following blanks: If the driving gear turns 1 time, the driven gear will turn _______ times.

6. Gear Ratio Practice Find the Gear Ratios for these examples: 1.A 5-tooth gear driving a 45-tooth gear. 2.A 3-tooth gear driving a 12-tooth gear. 3.A 12-tooth gear driving a 3-tooth gear. 9/1 or 9:1 4/1 or 4:1 1/4 or 1:4

7. Gearing Up: Need for Speed To increase the speed the driver should be larger than the driven gear. Example: The driver gear has 60 teeth and the driven gear is 30 teeth. Gear ratio = 30/60 = ½ or 1:2 This means that for every 1 turn of the driver gear, the driven will rotate 2 times.

8. Gearing Up: Need for Speed With this 1:2 ratio, the speed of the driven gear is 2 times greater than the input. Why Gear Up? Using the top gear on your bike, you can make the back wheel spin faster than you can pedal. A fan’s blades can whir at a greater speed than the electric motor that drives it.

9. Gearing Down: Pulling Torque To increase the torque the driver should be smaller than the driven. The force translated from the driver gear to the driven gear is the same. However, the driven gear has a longer lever arm, therefore the torque is larger for the driven gear. Example: The driven torque is multiplied by the gear ratio which is 3/1. Therefore, the torque of the driven gear is 3 times greater than the torque of the driver gear. Gear ratio = 75/25 = 3/1

10. Gearing Down: Pulling Torque Why Gear Down? Need to pull a tree stump out of the ground? You’ll need a machine with lots of pulling torque. Tractors are geared for tasks like this.

11. Speed and Torque Torque and speed are inversely proportional. 1A. This gearing increases the speed but decreases the torque. 1B. This gearing increases the torque, but decreases the speed.

12. Chain and Sprocket System A chain and sprocket is a gear system where the gears are not in physical contact with each other. Instead they are connected by a chain.

13. The same principle of gear ratio applies to chain and sprocket systems.

14. Gearing Example

15. Review You can calculate Gear Ratio by dividing the number of teeth on the Driven Gear by the number of teeth on the Driving Gear. # teeth on Driven Gear # teeth on Driving Gear Gear Ratio =

16. Gears Are Like People Little Ones Have To Move Faster To Keep Up with The Big Ones

17. Possible VEX gear ratios

18. Gear Trains Sometimes the driver and follower must rotate the same direction. Inserting an idler gear between the driver and follower is the simplest way to achieve this.

19. Gear Ratio of Gear Trains In gear trains the ratio will change from set to set. Multiplying the gear ratio for each set of gears will give you the net gear ratio for the train. In a gear train with each gear on a separate axle the idler gears can be ignored. Therefore the net gear ratio can still be found by: Driven teeth Driver teeth

20. Example: The driving gear has 30 teeth, the idler gear has 90 teeth and the driven gear has 15 teeth. – The ratio for A:B is 3/1; the ratio for B:C is 1/6. Net gear ratio = 3/1 x 1/6 = 1/2. – Ignoring the idler gears results in the same gear ratio. A:C = 15/30 = 1/2

21. Gear Ratio of Gear Trains In a gear train in which some gears share the same axle the gear ratio must be found by multiplying each individual gear ratio.

22. Example: Find the ratios for each set of gears. – A:B is 40/120 = 1/3 – C:D is 20/80 = 1/4 – The net gear ratio = 1/3 x 1/4 = 1/12.

23. Gear Ratios and Calculating Speed

24. Calculating the Speed of a Gear Train Use the gear ratio to determine the speed of the driven gear. Rotational speed is given in revolutions per minute (RPM). In the example to the right the gear ratio is ½ or 1:2. 60 RPM

25. Calculating the Speed of a Gear Train A 1:2 gear ratio means that every 1 turn of the driver gear causes the driven gear to rotate 2 times. If the driver turns at 60 RPM then the driven gear must turn at 2 x 60 RPM = 120 RPM Large gears driving small gears speed them up. 60 RPM

26. Calculating the Speed of a Gear Train In this example the gear ratio is 3:1 or 3/1 which means for every 3 turns of the driver gear the driven gear turns 1 time. If the driver turns at 60 RPM then the driven gear must turn at 60 RPM / 3 = 20 RPM Small gears driving large gears slow them down. 60 RPM

27. Calculating the Speed of a Gear Train Find the gear ratio for the gears at the right. Find the speed of the driven gear if the speed of the driving gear is 120 RPM. 120 RPM

28. Calculating the Speed of a Gear Train Find the gear ratio for the gears at the right. (Notice the driver is on the right.) Find the speed of the driven gear if the speed of the driving gear is 120 RPM. 120 RPM

29. Gear Ratios and Calculating Torque

30. Calculating the Torque of a Gear Train Multiply the gear ratio by the torque of the driver gear to determine the torque on the driven gear. Torque is given in Nm. In the example to the right the gear ratio is ½ or 1:2. 6 Nm

31. Calculating the Torque of a Gear Train Remember that the force on the driven gear is the same as the force on the driver, however because the driven gear has a smaller radius the torque on the driven gear is smaller. If the driver has a torque of 6 Nm and the gear ratio is 1/2, then the driven gear torque can be calculated by: 6 Nm x ½ = 3 Nm Large gears driving small gears decrease the torque. 6 Nm

32. Calculating the Torque of a Gear Train In this example the gear ratio is 3:1 or 3/1. If the driver turns at 60 RPM then the driven gear must turn at 6 Nm x 3 = 18 Nm Small gears driving large gears increase torque. 6 Nm

33. Calculating the Torque of a Gear Train Find the gear ratio for the gears at the right. Find the torque of the driven gear if the torque of the driving gear is 5 Nm. 5 Nm

34. Calculating the Torque of a Gear Train Find the gear ratio for the gears at the right. (Notice the driver is on the right.) Find the torque of the driven gear if the torque of the driving gear is 40 Nm. 40 Nm