1. GPRS https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

2. 2G 2.5G (GPRS) 1 GPRS data transfer is typically charged per megabyte of traffic transferred, while data communication via traditional circuit switching is billed per minute of connection time, independent of whether the user actually is utilizing the capacity or is in an idle state https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

3. General Packet Radio Service - Multislot Classes for GPRS/EGPRS 1 Multislot ClassDownlink TS Uplink TSActive TS https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

4. GSM services - General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) 1 Multiple GPRS users can share a single unused channel because each of them uses it only for occasional short bursts. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

5. GSM services - General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) 1 The advantage of packet-switched connections is that bandwidth is only used when there is actually data to transmit. This type of connection is thus generally billed by the kilobyte instead of by the second, and is usually a cheaper alternative for applications that only need to send and receive data sporadically, like instant messaging. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

6. GSM services - General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) 1 GPRS is usually described as a 2.5G technology; see the main article for more information. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

7. Mobile game - WAP, GPRS, UMTS, HSDPA 1 (Most counties have a weak GPRS speed in their carriers https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

8. Universal Mobile Telecommunications System - Migrating from GSM/GPRS to UMTS 1 From a GSM/GPRS network, the following network elements can be reused: https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

9. Universal Mobile Telecommunications System - Migrating from GSM/GPRS to UMTS 1 * Authentication Center (AUC) https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

10. Universal Mobile Telecommunications System - Migrating from GSM/GPRS to UMTS 1 From a GSM/GPRS communication radio network, the following elements cannot be reused: https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

11. Universal Mobile Telecommunications System - Migrating from GSM/GPRS to UMTS 1 They can remain in the network and be used in dual network operation where 2G and 3G networks co-exist while network migration and new 3G terminals become available for use in the network. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

12. Universal Mobile Telecommunications System - Migrating from GSM/GPRS to UMTS 1 The UMTS network introduces new network elements that function as specified by 3GPP: https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

13. Universal Mobile Telecommunications System - Migrating from GSM/GPRS to UMTS 1 The functionality of MSC and SGSN changes when going to UMTS. In a GSM system the MSC handles all the circuit switched operations like connecting A- and B- subscriber through the network. SGSN handles all the packet switched operations and transfers all the data in the network. In UMTS the Media gateway (MGW) take care of all data transfer in both circuit and packet switched networks. MSC and SGSN control MGW operations. The nodes are renamed to MSC-server and GSN-server. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

14. GPRS 1 GPRS was originally standardized by European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) in response to the earlier CDPD and i-mode packet-switched cellular technologies https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

15. GPRS 1 GPRS usage is typically charged based on volume of data transferred, contrasting with circuit switching|circuit switched data, which is usually billed per minute of connection time. Usage above the bundle cap is either charged per megabyte or disallowed. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

16. GPRS 1 GPRS is integrated into GSM Release 97 and newer releases. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

17. GPRS - Technical overview 1 The GPRS core network allows 2G, 3G and WCDMA mobile telephony|mobile networks to transmit Internet protocol|IP packets to external networks such as the Internet. The GPRS system is an integrated part of the GSM network switching subsystem. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

18. GPRS - Services offered 1 GPRS extends the GSM Packet circuit switched data capabilities and makes the following services possible: https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

19. GPRS - Services offered 1 * Internet applications for smart devices through Wireless Application Protocol|wireless application protocol (WAP) https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

20. GPRS - Services offered 1 * Point-to-point (telecommunications)|Point-to-point (P2P) service: inter-networking with the Internet (IP) https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

21. GPRS - Services offered 1 * Point-to-Multipoint (P2M) service: point- to-multipoint multicast and point-to- multipoint group calls https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

22. GPRS - Services offered 1 If SMS over GPRS is used, an SMS transmission speed of about 30 SMS messages per minute may be achieved. This is much faster than using the ordinary SMS over GSM, whose SMS transmission speed is about 6 to 10 SMS messages per minute. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

23. GPRS - Protocols supported 1 * Internet protocol (IP). In practice, built-in mobile browsers use IPv4 since IPv6 was not yet popular. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

24. GPRS - Protocols supported 1 * Point-to-point protocol (PPP). In this mode PPP is often not supported by the mobile phone operator but if the mobile is used as a modem to the connected computer, PPP is used to tunnel IP to the phone. This allows an IP address to be assigned dynamically (IPCP not DHCP) to the mobile equipment. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

25. GPRS - Protocols supported 1 * X.25 connections. This is typically used for applications like wireless payment terminals, although it has been removed from the standard. X.25 can still be supported over PPP, or even over IP, but doing this requires either a network-based Router (computing)|router to perform encapsulation or intelligence built into the end-device/terminal; e.g., user equipment (UE). https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

26. GPRS - Protocols supported 1 When Internet protocol suite|TCP/IP is used, each phone can have one or more IP addresses allocated. GPRS will store and forward the IP packets to the phone even during handover. The TCP handles any packet loss (e.g. due to a radio noise induced pause). https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

27. GPRS - Hardware 1 Devices supporting GPRS are divided into three classes: https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

28. GPRS - Hardware 1 ;Class A: Can be connected to GPRS service and GSM service (voice, SMS), using both at the same time. Such devices are known to be available today. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

29. GPRS - Hardware 1 ;Class B: Can be connected to GPRS service and GSM service (voice, SMS), but using only one or the other at a given time. During GSM service (voice call or SMS), GPRS service is suspended, and then resumed automatically after the GSM service (voice call or SMS) has concluded. Most GPRS mobile devices are Class B. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

30. GPRS - Hardware 1 ;Class C: Are connected to either GPRS service or GSM service (voice, SMS). Must be switched manually between one or the other service. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

31. GPRS - Hardware 1 To get around this expensive requirement, a GPRS mobile may implement the Dual Transfer Mode|dual transfer mode (DTM) feature https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

32. GPRS - Hardware 1 USB 3G/GPRS modems use a terminal- like interface over USB 1.1, 2.0 and later, data formats V.42bis, and RFC 1144 and some models have connector for external antenna (radio)|antenna. Modems can be added as cards (for laptops) or external USB devices which are similar in shape and size to a computer mouse, or nowadays more like a pendrive. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

33. GPRS - Addressing 1 A GPRS connection is established by reference to its Access Point Name|access point name (APN). The APN defines the services such as Wireless Application Protocol|wireless application protocol (WAP) https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

34. GPRS - Addressing 1 access, Short Message Service|short message service (SMS), Multimedia Messaging Service|multimedia messaging service (MMS), and for Internet communication services such as email and World Wide Web access. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

35. GPRS - Addressing 1 In order to set up a GPRS connection for a wireless modem, a user must specify an APN, optionally a user name and password, and very rarely an IP address, all provided by the network operator. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

36. GPRS - Coding schemes and speeds 1 The upload and download speeds that can be achieved in GPRS depend on a number of factors such as: https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

37. GPRS - Coding schemes and speeds 1 * the number of Base Transceiver Station|BTS TDMA time slots assigned by the operator https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

38. GPRS - Coding schemes and speeds 1 * the channel encoding is used. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

39. GPRS - Coding schemes and speeds 1 * the maximum capability of the mobile device expressed as a Multislot Class|GPRS multislot class https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

40. GPRS - Multiple access schemes 1 The multiple access methods used in GSM with GPRS are based on frequency division duplex (FDD) and TDMA https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

41. GPRS - Channel encoding 1 The channel encoding process in GPRS consists of two steps: first, a cyclic code is used to add parity bits, which are also referred to as the Block Check Sequence, followed by coding with a possibly punctured convolutional code https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

42. GPRS - Channel encoding 1 The least robust, but fastest, coding scheme (CS-4) is available near a Base Transceiver Station|base transceiver station (BTS), while the most robust coding scheme (CS-1) is used when the mobile station (MS) is further away from a BTS. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

43. GPRS - Channel encoding 1 Using the CS-4 it is possible to achieve a user speed of 20.0 kbit/s per time slot. However, using this scheme the cell coverage is 25% of normal. CS-1 can achieve a user speed of only 8.0 kbit/s per time slot, but has 98% of normal coverage. Newer network equipment can adapt the transfer speed automatically depending on the mobile location. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

44. GPRS - Channel encoding 1 In addition to GPRS, there are two other GSM technologies which deliver data services: Circuit Switched Data|circuit- switched data (CSD) and high-speed circuit-switched data (HSCSD). In contrast to the shared nature of GPRS, these instead establish a dedicated circuit (usually billed per minute). Some applications such as video calling may prefer HSCSD, especially when there is a continuous flow of data between the endpoints. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

45. GPRS - Channel encoding 1 The following table summarises some possible configurations of GPRS and circuit switched data services. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

46. GPRS - Multislot Class 1 The multislot class determines the speed of data transfer available in the Uplink and Downlink directions. It is a value between 1 to 45 which the network uses to allocate radio channels in the uplink and downlink direction. Multislot class with values greater than 31 are referred to as high multislot classes. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

47. GPRS - Multislot Class 1 A commonly used value is class 10 for many GPRS/EGPRS mobiles which uses a maximum of 4 timeslots in downlink direction and 2 timeslots in uplink direction https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

48. GPRS - Multislot Class 1 In uplink direction, 3 timeslots can carry a bandwidth of 3*59.2 kbit/s = 177.6 kbit/s.[http://mobilesociety.typepad.com/m obile_life/2007/04/gprs_and_edge_m.html GPRS and EDGE Multislot Classes] https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

49. GPRS - Attributes of a multislot class 1 Each multislot class identifies the following: https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

50. GPRS - Attributes of a multislot class 1 * the maximum number of Timeslots that can be allocated on uplink https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

51. GPRS - Attributes of a multislot class 1 * the total number of timeslots which can be allocated by the network to the mobile https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

52. GPRS - Attributes of a multislot class 1 * the time needed for the MS to perform adjacent cell signal level measurement and get ready to transmit https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

53. GPRS - Attributes of a multislot class 1 The different multislot class specification is detailed in the Annex B of the 3GPP Technical Specification 45.002 (Multiplexing and multiple access on the radio path) https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

54. GPRS - Usability 1 The maximum speed of a GPRS connection offered in 2003 was similar to a modem connection in an analog wire telephone network, about 32–40 kbit/s, depending on the phone used. Lag|Latency is very high; round-trip time (RTT) is typically about 600–700 ms and often reaches 1s. GPRS is typically prioritized lower than speech, and thus the quality of connection varies greatly. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

55. GPRS - Usability 1 Devices with latency/RTT improvements (via, for example, the extended UL TBF mode feature) are generally available. Also, network upgrades of features are available with certain operators. With these enhancements the active round-trip time can be reduced, resulting in significant increase in application-level throughput speeds. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

56. SGSN - GPRS tunnelling protocol (GTP) 1 Three forms of GTP are used by the GPRS core network. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

57. SGSN - GPRS tunnelling protocol (GTP) 1 ;GTP-U: for transfer of user data in separated tunnels for each #PDP context|Packet Data Protocol (PDP) context https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

58. SGSN - GPRS tunnelling protocol (GTP) 1 ;GTP-C: for control reasons including: https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

59. SGSN - GPRS tunnelling protocol (GTP) 1 :* setup and deletion of PDP contexts https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

60. SGSN - GPRS tunnelling protocol (GTP) 1 :* updates; e.g., as subscribers move from one SGSN to another. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

61. SGSN - GPRS tunnelling protocol (GTP) 1 ;GTP': for transfer of charging data from GSNs to the charging function. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

62. SGSN - GPRS tunnelling protocol (GTP) 1 GGSNs and SGSNs (collectively known as GSNs) listen for GTP-C messages on User Datagram Protocol|UDP port 2123 and for GTP-U messages on port 2152. This communication is direct within a single network, or in the case of international roaming, via a GPRS roaming exchange (GRX). https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

63. SGSN - GPRS tunnelling protocol (GTP) 1 The charging gateway function (CGF) listens to GTP' messages sent from the GSNs on TCP or UDP port 3386. The core network sends charging information to the CGF, typically including PDP context activation times and the quantity of data which the end user has transferred. However, this communication which occurs within one network is less standardized and may, depending on the vendor and configuration options, use proprietary encoding or even an entirely proprietary system. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

64. SGSN - GPRS tunnelling protocol (GTP) 1 GTP version zero supports both signalling and user data under one generic header. It can be used with UDP (User Datagram Protocol) or TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) on the registered port 3386. GTP version one is used only on UDP. The control plane protocol GTP-C (Control) using registered port 2123 and the user plane protocol GTP-U (User) using registered port 2152. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

65. SGSN - GPRS support nodes (GSN) 1 A GSN is a network node which supports the use of GPRS in the GSM core network. All GSNs should have a Gn interface and support the GPRS tunneling protocol. There are two key variants of the GSN, namely Gateway and Serving GPRS support node. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

66. SGSN - Gateway GPRS support node (GGSN) 1 The gateway GPRS support node (GGSN) is a main component of the GPRS network. The GGSN is responsible for the internetworking between the GPRS network and external packet switched networks, like the Internet and X.25 networks. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

67. SGSN - Gateway GPRS support node (GGSN) 1 From an external network's point of view, the GGSN is a router to a sub-network, because the GGSN ‘hides’ the GPRS infrastructure from the external network. When the GGSN receives data addressed to a specific user, it checks if the user is active. If it is, the GGSN forwards the data to the SGSN serving the mobile user, but if the mobile user is inactive, the data is discarded. On the other hand, mobile- originated packets are routed to the right network by the GGSN. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

68. SGSN - Gateway GPRS support node (GGSN) 1 The GGSN is the anchor point that enables the mobility of the user terminal in the GPRS/UMTS networks. In essence, it carries out the role in GPRS equivalent to the Mobile IP#Operational principles|home agent in Mobile IP. It maintains routing necessary to tunnel the protocol data units (PDUs) to the SGSN that services a particular MS (mobile station). https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

69. SGSN - Gateway GPRS support node (GGSN) 1 The GGSN converts the GPRS packets coming from the SGSN into the appropriate packet data protocol (PDP) format (e.g., IP or X.25) and sends them out on the corresponding packet data network https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

70. SGSN - Gateway GPRS support node (GGSN) 1 Other functions include subscriber screening, Address pool|IP pool management and IP address#Modifications to IP addressing|address mapping, Quality of service|QoS and PDP context enforcement. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

71. SGSN - Gateway GPRS support node (GGSN) 1 With Long Term Evolution|LTE scenario the GGSN functionality moves to System Architecture Evolution|SAE gateway (with SGSN functionality working in Mobility Management Entity|MME). https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

72. SGSN - Serving GPRS support node (SGSN) 1 The location register of the SGSN stores location information (e.g., current cell, current Visitor Location Register|VLR) and user profiles (e.g., International mobile subscriber identity|IMSI, address(es) used in the packet data network) of all GPRS users registered with it. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

73. SGSN - Interfaces in the GPRS network 1 ;Ga: The interface serves the CDRs (accounting records) which are written in the GSN and sent to the charging gateway (CG). This interface uses a GTP-based protocol, with modifications that supports CDRs (Called GTP' and GTP prime). https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

74. SGSN - Interfaces in the GPRS network 1 ;Gb: Interface between the base station subsystem and the SGSN the transmission protocol could be Frame Relay or IP. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

75. SGSN - Interfaces in the GPRS network 1 ;Iu: Interface between the Radio Network Controller and the SGSN. The interface exchanges signaling and payload. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

76. SGSN - Interfaces in the GPRS network 1 ;Gc: Interface between the GGSN and Home Location Register|HLR so that the GGSN can get the location details of a mobile station. To avoid implementing MAP/SS7 in the GGSN, this interface is optional. When not present, the GGSN routes inquires to the HLR via an SGSN. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

77. SGSN - Interfaces in the GPRS network 1 ;Gd: Interface between the SGSN and the SMS Gateway. Can use MAP1, MAP2 or MAP3. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

78. SGSN - Interfaces in the GPRS network 1 ;Ge: The interface between the SGSN and the Service Control Point|service control point (SCP); uses the CAP protocol. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

79. SGSN - Interfaces in the GPRS network 1 ;Gf: The interface between the SGSN and the Equipment Identity Register (EIR), used for checking the mobile's equipment identity number (IMEI) against a list of reported stolen mobile phones. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

80. SGSN - Interfaces in the GPRS network 1 ;Gi: IP based interface between the GGSN and a public data network (PDN) either directly to the Internet or through a WAP gateway. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

81. SGSN - Interfaces in the GPRS network 1 ;Gmb: The interface between the GGSN and the Broadcast-Multicast Service Center (BM-SC), used for controlling MBMS bearers. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

82. SGSN - Interfaces in the GPRS network 1 ;Gn: IP Based interface between SGSN and other SGSNs and (internal) GGSNs. Domain Name System|DNS also shares this interface. Uses the GTP Protocol. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

83. SGSN - Interfaces in the GPRS network 1 ;Gp: IP based interface between internal SGSN and external GGSNs. Between the SGSN and the external GGSN, there is the border gateway (which is essentially a firewall (networking)|firewall). Also uses the GTP Protocol. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

84. SGSN - Interfaces in the GPRS network 1 ;Gr: Interface between the SGSN and the HLR. Messages going through this interface uses the MAP3 protocol. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

85. SGSN - Interfaces in the GPRS network 1 When the station is attached to the GPRS network, the SGSN keeps track of which routing area (RA) the station is attached to https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

86. SGSN - Interfaces in the GPRS network 1 ;Gx: The on-line policy interface between the GGSN and the charging rules function (CRF). It is used for provisioning service data flow based on charging rules. Uses the diameter protocol. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

87. SGSN - Interfaces in the GPRS network 1 ;Gy: The on-line charging interface between the GGSN and the online charging system (OCS). Uses the diameter protocol (Diameter Credit-Control Application|DCCA application). https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

88. SGSN - Interfaces in the GPRS network 1 ;Gz: The off-line (Call detail record|CDR- based) charging interface between the GSN and the CG. Uses GTP'. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

89. SGSN - Interfaces in the GPRS network 1 ;Lg: The interface between the SGSN and the Gateway Mobile Location Center (GMLC), used for location based services. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

90. SGSN - Interfaces in the GPRS network 1 ;S6d: The interface between SGSN and Home Subscriber Server (HSS).It is a diameter based interface which is used for transferring subscription and authentication data of the user to HSS for authenticating and authorizing user access. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

91. GPRS Core Network 1 The 'GPRS core network' is the central part of the general packet radio service (GPRS) which allows 2G, 3G and WCDMA mobile telephony|mobile networks to transmit Internet protocol|IP packets to external networks such as the Internet. The GPRS system is an integrated part of the GSM network switching subsystem. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

92. GPRS Core Network - Common SGSN functions 1 * Detunnel GTP packets from the GGSN (downlink) https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

93. GPRS Core Network - Common SGSN functions 1 * Tunnel IP packets toward the GGSN (uplink) https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

94. GPRS Core Network - Common SGSN functions 1 * Carry out mobility management as Standby mode mobile moves from one Routing Area to another Routing Area https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

95. GPRS Core Network - Reference points and interfaces 1 Within the GPRS core network standards there are a number of Network interface device|interfaces and reference points (logical points of connection which probably share a common physical connection with other reference points). Some of these names can be seen in the network structure diagram on this page. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

96. 2.5G - 2.5G (GPRS) 1 '2.5G' ('second and a half generation') is used to describe 2G-systems that have implemented a packet-switched domain in addition to the circuit-switched domain. It does not necessarily provide faster services because bundling of timeslots is used for circuit-switched data services (HSCSD) as well. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

97. GPRS Tunnelling Protocol 1 'GPRS Tunneling Protocol' ('GTP') is a group of Internet Protocol|IP-based communications tunneling protocol|protocols used to carry general packet radio service (GPRS) within GSM, UMTS and 3GPP Long Term Evolution|LTE networks. In 3GPP architectures, GTP and Proxy Mobile IPv6 based interfaces are specified on various interface points. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

98. GPRS Tunnelling Protocol 1 GTP can be decomposed into separate protocols, GTP-C, GTP-U and GTP'. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

99. GPRS Tunnelling Protocol 1 This allows the SGSN to activate a session on a user's behalf (GPRS core network#PDP context|PDP context activation), to deactivate the same session, to adjust quality of service parameters, or to update a session for a subscriber who has just arrived from another SGSN. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

100. GPRS Tunnelling Protocol 1 GTP-U is used for carrying user data within the GPRS core network and between the radio access network and the core network. The user data transported can be packets in any of IPv4, IPv6, or Point-to-point protocol|PPP formats. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

101. GPRS Tunnelling Protocol 1 GTP' (GTP prime) uses the same message structure as GTP-C and GTP-U, but has an independent function. It can be used for carrying charging data from the charging data function (CDF) of the GSM or UMTS network to the charging gateway function (CGF). In most cases, this should mean from many individual network elements such as the GGSNs to a centralized computer that delivers the charging data more conveniently to the network operator's billing center. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

102. GPRS Tunnelling Protocol 1 Different GTP variants are implemented by RNCs, SGSNs, GGSNs and CGFs within 3GPP networks. GPRS mobile stations (MSs) are connected to a SGSN without being aware of GTP. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

103. GPRS Tunnelling Protocol 1 GTP can be used with User Datagram Protocol|UDP or Transmission Control Protocol|TCP. UDP is either recommended or mandatory, except for tunnelling X.25 in version 0. GTP version 1 is used only on UDP. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

104. GPRS Tunnelling Protocol - General features 1 All variants of GTP have certain features in common. The structure of the messages is the same, with a GTP header following the UDP/TCP header. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

105. GPRS Tunnelling Protocol - GTP version 1 1 ; Version : It is a 3-bit field. For GTPv1, this has a value of 1. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

106. GPRS Tunnelling Protocol - GTP version 1 1 ; Protocol Type (PT) : a 1-bit value that differentiates GTP (value 1) from GTP' (value 0). https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

107. GPRS Tunnelling Protocol - GTP version 1 1 ; Extension header flag(E): a 1-bit value that states whether there is an extension header optional field. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

108. GPRS Tunnelling Protocol - GTP version 1 1 ; Sequence number flag(S): a 1-bit value that states whether there is a Sequence Number optional field. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

109. GPRS Tunnelling Protocol - GTP version 1 1 ; N-PDU number flag(PN): a 1-bit value that states whether there is a N-PDU number optional field. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

110. GPRS Tunnelling Protocol - GTP version 1 1 ; Total Length: a 16-bit field that indicates the length of the payload in bytes (rest of the packet following the mandatory 8-byte GTP header). Includes the optional fields. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

111. GPRS Tunnelling Protocol - GTP version 1 1 ; Tunnel endpoint identifier (TEID): A 32- bit(4-octet) field used to multiplex different connections in the same GTP tunnel. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

112. GPRS Tunnelling Protocol - GTP version 1 1 ; Sequence number: an (optional) 16-bit field. This field exists if any of the E, S, or PN bits are on. The field must be interpreted only if the S bit is on. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

113. GPRS Tunnelling Protocol - GTP version 1 1 ; N-PDU number: an (optional) 8-bit field. This field exists if any of the E, S, or PN bits are on. The field must be interpreted only if the PN bit is on. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

114. GPRS Tunnelling Protocol - GTP version 1 1 ; Next extension header type: an (optional) 8-bit field. This field exists if any of the E, S, or PN bits are on. The field must be interpreted only if the E bit is on. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

115. GPRS Tunnelling Protocol - GTP version 1 1 ; Length: an 8-bit field. This field states the length of this extension header, including the length, the contents, and the next extension header field, in 4-octet units, so the length fo the extension must always be a multiple of 4. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

116. GPRS Tunnelling Protocol - GTP version 2 1 There is no GTPv2-U protocol,GTP-U in LTE also uses GTPv1-U. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

117. GPRS Tunnelling Protocol - GTP version 2 1 ; Piggybacking flag: If this bit is set to 1 then another GTP-C message with its own header shall be present at the end of the current message. There are restrictions as to what type of message can be piggybacked depending on what the toplevel GTP-C message is. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

118. GPRS Tunnelling Protocol - GTP version 2 1 ; TEID flag: If this bit is set to 1 then the TEID field will be present between the message length and the sequence number. All messages except Echo and Echo reply require TEID to be present. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

119. GPRS Tunnelling Protocol - GTP version 2 1 ; Total length: the total length of the message including the header and the payload (but not including 4 octets TEID field even if it is present). https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

120. GPRS Tunnelling Protocol - Connectivity mechanisms 1 Apart from the common message structure, there is also a common mechanism for verifying connectivity from one GSN to another GSN. This uses two messages. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

121. GPRS Tunnelling Protocol - Connectivity mechanisms 1 As often as every 60 seconds, a GSN can send an echo request to every other GSN with which it has an active connection. If the other end does not respond it can be treated as down and the active connections to it will be deleted. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

122. GPRS Tunnelling Protocol - Connectivity mechanisms 1 Apart from the two messages previously mentioned, there are no other messages common across all GTP variants[http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/ht ml-info/29060.htm 3GPP TS 29.060 section 7] meaning that, for the most part, they effectively form three completely separate protocols. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

123. GPRS Tunnelling Protocol - GTP-C - GTP control 1 The GTP-C protocol is the 'control' section of the GTP standard. When a subscriber requests a PDP context, the SGSN will send a create PDP context request GTP-C message to the GGSN giving details of the subscriber's request. The GGSN will then respond with a create PDP context response GTP-C message which will either give details of the PDP context actually activated or will indicate a failure and give a reason for that failure. This is a UDP message on port 2123. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

124. GPRS Tunnelling Protocol - GTP-C - GTP control 1 The 'eGTP-C' (or, GTPv2-C) protocol is responsible for creating, maintaining and deleting tunnels on multiple Sx interfaces. It is used for the control plane path management, tunnel management and mobility management. It also controls forwarding relocation messages; SRNS context and creating forward tunnels during inter LTE handovers. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

125. GPRS Tunnelling Protocol - GTP-U - GTP user data tunneling 1 GTP-U is, in effect a relatively simple IP based tunneling protocol which permits many tunnels between each set of end points. When used in the UMTS, each subscriber will have one or more tunnel, one for each PDP context that they have active, as well as possibly having separate tunnels for specific connections with different quality of service requirements. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

126. GPRS Tunnelling Protocol - GTP-U - GTP user data tunneling 1 The separate tunnels are identified by a TEID (Tunnel Endpoint Identifier) in the GTP-U messages, which should be a dynamically allocated random number. If this random number is of cryptography|cryptographic quality, then it will provide a measure of security against certain attacks. Even so, the requirement of the 3GPP standard is that all GTP traffic, including user data should be sent within secure private networks, not directly connected to the Internet. This happens on UDP port 2152. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

127. GPRS Tunnelling Protocol - GTP-U - GTP user data tunneling 1 The 'GTPv1-U' protocol is used to exchange user data over GTP tunnels across the Sx interfaces. An IP packet for a UE is encapsulated in an GTPv1-U packet and tunneled between the P-GW and the eNodeB for transmission with respect to a UE over S1-U and S5/S8 interfaces. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

128. GPRS Tunnelling Protocol - GTP' - charging transfer 1 The GTP' protocol is used to transfer charging data to the Charging Gateway Function. GTP' uses TCP/UDP port 3386. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

129. GPRS Tunnelling Protocol - Within the GPRS core network 1 GTP is the primary protocol used in the GPRS core network. It is the protocol which allows end users of a GSM or UMTS network to move from place to place whilst continuing to connect to the Internet as if from one location at the GGSN. It does this by carrying the subscriber's data from the subscriber's current SGSN to the GGSN which is handling the subscriber's session. Three forms of GTP are used by the GPRS core network. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

130. GPRS Tunnelling Protocol - Within the GPRS core network 1 * GTP-U for transfer of user data in separated tunnels for each PDP context https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

131. GPRS Tunnelling Protocol - Within the GPRS core network 1 * GTP-C for control reasons including: https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

132. GPRS Tunnelling Protocol - Within the GPRS core network 1 ** setup and deletion of PDP contexts https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

133. GPRS Tunnelling Protocol - Within the GPRS core network 1 ** updates; e.g., as subscribers move from one SGSN to another. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

134. GPRS Tunnelling Protocol - Within the GPRS core network 1 * GTP' for transfer of charging data from GSNs to the charging function. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

135. GPRS Tunnelling Protocol - Within the GPRS core network 1 GGSNs and SGSNs (collectively known as GSNs) listen for GTP-C messages on UDP port 2123 and for GTP-U messages on port 2152. This communication happens within a single network or may, in the case of international roaming, happen internationally, probably across a GPRS Roaming Exchange|GPRS roaming exchange (GRX). https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

136. GPRS Tunnelling Protocol - Within the GPRS core network 1 The Charging Gateway Function (CGF) listens to GTP' messages sent from the GSNs on TCP/UDP port 3386. The core network sends charging information to the CGF, typically including PDP context activation times and the quantity of data which the end user has transferred. However, this communication which occurs within one network is less standardized and may, depending on the vendor and configuration options, use proprietary encoding or even an entirely proprietary system. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

137. GPRS Tunnelling Protocol - Use on the IuPS interface 1 GTP-U is used on the IuPS between the GPRS core network and the RAN, however the GTP-C protocol is not used. In this case, RANAP is used as a control protocol and establishes GTP-U tunnels between the SGSN and the Radio Network Controller|radio network controller (RNC). https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

138. GPRS Tunnelling Protocol - Protocol stack 1 there are two versions defined, version 0 and version 1. Version 0 and version 1 differ considerably in structure. In version 0, the signalling protocol (the protocol which sets up the tunnels by activating the PDP context) is combined with the tunneling protocol on one port. Version 1 is actually effectively two protocols, one for control (called GTP-C) and one for user data tunneling (called GTP-U). https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

139. GPRS Tunnelling Protocol - Protocol stack 1 GTP-U is also used to transport user data from the RNC to the SGSN in UMTS networks. However, in this case signalling is done using RANAP instead of GTP-C. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

140. GPRS Tunnelling Protocol - Historical GTP versions 1 The original version of GTP (version 0) had considerable differences from the current version (version 1): https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

141. GPRS Tunnelling Protocol - Historical GTP versions 1 * the tunnel identification was non- random; https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

142. GPRS Tunnelling Protocol - Historical GTP versions 1 * the fixed port number 3386 was used for all functions (not just charging as in GTPv1); https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

143. GPRS Tunnelling Protocol - Historical GTP versions 1 * TCP was allowed as a transport option instead of UDP, but support for this was optional; https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

144. GPRS Tunnelling Protocol - Historical GTP versions 1 * subscription-related fields such as quality of service were more limited. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

145. GPRS Tunnelling Protocol - Historical GTP versions 1 The non-random TEID in version 0 represented a security problem if an attacker had access to any roaming partner's network, or could find some other way to remotely send packets to the GPRS backbone https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

146. GPRS Tunnelling Protocol - GTP standardization 1 GTP was originally standardized within ETSI (GSM standard 09.60). With the creation of the UMTS standards this was moved over to the 3GPP which, maintains it as 3GPP standard 29.060. GTP' uses the same message format, but its special uses are covered in standard 32.295 along with the standardized formats for the charging data it transfers. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

147. GPRS Tunnelling Protocol - GTP standardization 1 Later versions of TS 29.060 deprecate GTPv1/v0 interworking such that there is no fallback in the event that the GSN does not support the higher version. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

148. GPRS Tunnelling Protocol - GTP standardization 1 GTPv2 (for evolved packet services) went into draft in early 2008 and was released in December of that year. GTPv2 offers fallback to GTPv1 via the earlier Version Not Supported mechanism but explicitly offers no support for fallback to GTPv0. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

149. EGPRS 1 'Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution' ('EDGE') (also known as 'Enhanced GPRS' ('EGPRS'), or 'IMT-2000|IMT Single Carrier' ('IMT-SC'), or 'Enhanced Data rates for Global Evolution') is a digital mobile phone technology that allows improved data transmission rates as a backward-compatible extension of GSM https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

150. EGPRS 1 EDGE is standardized also by 3GPP as part of the GSM family. A variant, so called Compact-EDGE, was developed for use in a portion of Digital AMPS network spectrum.ETSI SMG2 99/872 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

151. EGPRS 1 Through the introduction of sophisticated methods of coding and transmitting data, EDGE delivers higher bit-rates per radio channel, resulting in a threefold increase in capacity and performance compared with an ordinary GSM/GPRS connection. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

152. EGPRS 1 EDGE can be used for any packet switching|packet switched application, such as an Internet connection. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

153. EGPRS 1 Evolved EDGE continues in Release 7 of the 3GPP standard providing reduced latency and more than doubled performance e.g. to complement High- Speed Packet Access (High Speed Packet Access|HSPA). Peak bit-rates of up to 1Mbit/s and typical bit-rates of 400kbit/s can be expected. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

154. EGPRS - Transmission techniques 1 It introduces a new technology not found in GPRS, Hybrid ARQ|Incremental Redundancy, which, instead of retransmitting disturbed packets, sends more redundancy information to be combined in the receiver https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

155. EGPRS - Transmission techniques 1 This means it can handle four times as much traffic as standard GPRS https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

156. EGPRS - EDGE modulation and coding scheme (MCS) 1 In GPRS Coding Scheme CS-4, no convolutional coding is applied. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

157. EGPRS - EDGE modulation and coding scheme (MCS) 1 In contrast to GRPS, the Radio Link Control (RLC) and Media Access Control (MAC) headers and the payload data are coded separately in EGPRS https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

158. EGPRS - Networks 1 The Global mobile Suppliers Association (GSA) states that, as of May 2013, there were 604 GSM/EDGE networks in 213 countries, from a total of 606 mobile network operator commitments in 213 countries. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

159. GPRS roaming exchange 1 A 'GPRS roaming exchange' ('GRX') acts as a hub for GPRS connections from roaming users, removing the need for a dedicated link between each GPRS service provider. It was developed to facilitate a more efficient way for operators to interconnect networks, and played a large part in the transition to third- generation systems. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

160. GPRS roaming exchange - Development 1 Initially GPRS roaming was based on complicated relationships between individual operators with each operator requiring a dedicated link to each different partner so that \tfrac, whereby N is the number of global operators that would require a dedicated link. This meant that mobile subscribers who wanted to use GPRS whilst roaming could only do so if their operator had a direct agreement with the operator in the country or area in which they were roaming. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

161. GPRS roaming exchange - Development 1 In 2000 the GSMA (GSM Association) developed the idea of GRX to handle all roaming between PLMN|public land mobile networks (PLMNs). https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

162. GPRS roaming exchange - Technical implementation 1 Usually, GRX is based on a private or public Internet Protocol|IP backbone and uses GPRS Tunnelling Protocol on the session layer (OSI model|OSI Layer Five) between the visited PLMN (Public Land Mobile Network) and the home PLMN. Each GRX operator will have a network consisting of a set of routers and links connecting to the GPRS networks, moreover the GRX network will have links connecting to other GRX nodes in peer model. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

163. GPRS roaming exchange - Technical implementation 1 The GRX operator can therefore act as a hub, allowing a GPRS subscriber to interconnect with many roaming partners without the need for dedicated links https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

164. Kerala State Road Transport Corporation - GPRS Enabled Ticket Machines 1 Kerala State Road Transport Corporation(KSRTC) has introduced GPRS enabled ticketing machines which is connected to an online server through GPRS to streamline services in the year 2013.The ticket machines transfers real time data to the control room at Transport Bhavan.The authorities can keep tabs on the collection of each schedule and that of depots across the sttate on real time basis by tracking the data from ticketing machines https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

165. For More Information, Visit: https://store.theartofservice.co m/itil-2011-foundation- complete-certification-kit- fourth-edition-study-guide- ebook-and-online-course.html https://store.theartofservice.co m/itil-2011-foundation- complete-certification-kit- fourth-edition-study-guide- ebook-and-online-course.html The Art of Service https://store.theartofservice.com