2. What is a Revolution? A Revolution is a radical and complete change in society or the replacement of a political and/or social system

3. Mid 1550s-1700s: The Scientific Revolution changed the way Europeans looked at the world. Scientific Revolution = revolution in human understanding and knowledge about the natural world People began to make conclusions based on experimentation and observation, instead of merely accepting traditional ideas The Scientific Revolution

4. The Renaissance (1400s) Age of Explorations (1500s) Scientific Revolution (mid 1500s-1700s) Question the natural world The Age of Enlightenment (1700s-1800s) Question society/government

5. Factors Leading to the Scientific Revolution Rise of universities Contact with non-Western societies The Renaissance Exploration

6. “Science” before the Scientific Revolution Experimental method or experiment wasn’t used at all Science in medieval times –Alchemy –Astrology –Superstition

7. The Scientific Method By the early 1600s, a new approach to science had emerged, known as the Scientific Method Unlike earlier approaches, the scientific method did not rely on the classical thinkers or the Church, but depended upon a step-by-step process of observation and experimentation Scientific Method – a logical procedure for gathering and testing ideas through observation Scientists observed nature, made hypotheses, or educated guesses, and then tested these hypotheses through experiments

9. 1. State the problem 2. Collect information 3. Form a hypothesis 4. Test the hypothesis 5. Record & analyze data 6. State a conclusion 7. Repeat steps 1 – 6 The Scientific Method The scientific method set Europe on the road to rapid technological progress Scientists soon discovered that the movements of bodies in nature closely followed what could be predicted by mathematics

10. Until the mid 1500’s, European scholars accepted and believed the teachings of Ptolemy, an ancient Greek astronomer Ptolemy taught that the Earth was the center of the universe People felt this was common sense, and the geocentric theory was supported by the Church It was not until some startling discoveries caused Europeans to change the way they viewed the physical world Ptolemy (87-140 A.D.) Before the Scientific Revolution…

11. Ptolemy’s geocentric model of the solar system: 1.Earth 2.Moon 3.Mercury 4.Venus 5.Sun 6.Mars 7.Jupiter 8.Saturn Ptolemy (87-100 A.D.) Notice, the Earth is first, and not the sun, as it should be

12. Geocentric Theory

13. Nicolaus Copernicus Copernicus was a Polish astronomer who studied in Italy In 1543 Copernicus published On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres In his book, Copernicus made two conclusions: 1.The universe is heliocentric, or sun-centered 2.The Earth is merely one of several planets revolving around the sun

14. Copernicus’ model of the solar system: 1.Sun 2.Moon 3.Mercury 4.Venus 5.Earth 6.Mars 7.Jupiter 8.Saturn Notice, the sun is first, not the Earth, as Ptolemy believed

16. Nicolaus Copernicus Copernicus came to these conclusions using mathematical formulas The Copernican conception of the universe marked the start of modern science and astronomy

17. Most scholars rejected his theory because it went against Ptolemy, the Church, and because it called for the Earth to rotate on its axis Many scientists of the time also felt that if Ptolemy’s reasoning about the planets was wrong, then the whole system of human knowledge could be wrong Reactions to Copernicus

18. Late1500s, Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe provided evidence that supported Copernicus’ heliocentric theory Brahe set up an astronomical observatory Every night for years he carefully observed the sky, accumulating data about the movement of the stars and planets Tycho Brahe

19. After Brahe’s death, his assistant, the German astronomer and mathematician Johannes Kepler, used Brahe’s data to calculate the orbits of the planets revolving around the sun Kepler’s calculations supported Copernicus’ heliocentric theory Discovered the planets revolve around the sun in elliptical orbits His calculations also showed that the planets moved in oval shaped orbits, and not perfect circles, as Ptolemy and Copernicus believed Kepler’s finding help explain the paths followed by man-made satellites today Johannes Kepler

20. Galileo Galilei Galileo defended Copernicus’ Heliocentric Theory The Church came against Galileo because it claimed that the Earth was fixed and unmoving When threatened with death before the Inquisition in 1633, Galileo recanted his beliefs, even though he knew the Earth moved Galileo was put under house arrest, and was not allowed to publish his ideas Galileo’s discoveries caused an uproar  Other scholars came against him because like Copernicus, Galileo was contradicting Ptolemy

22. Sir Isaac Newton was an English scholar who built upon the work of Copernicus and Galileo Newton was the most influential scientist of the Scientific Revolution He used math to prove the existence of gravity - a force that kept planets in their orbits around the sun, and also caused objects to fall towards the earth Isaac Newton

23. Newton published his scientific ideas in his book Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy He discovered laws of light and color, and formulated the laws of motion: 1. A body at rest stays at rest 2. Acceleration is caused by force 3. For every action there is an equal opposite reaction He invented calculus Newton

24. According to legend, Newton saw an apple fall from a tree, and wondered if the force that pulled the apple to the Earth also controlled the movement of the planets. Newton argued that nature followed laws. Universal Law of Gravitation

26. Francis Bacon Francis Bacon was an English philosopher who wrote Advancement of Learning. Helped to form the scientific method Believed more knowledge will improve people’s lives Bacon argued that truth could not be known at the beginning of a question, but only at the end after a long process of investigation

27. René Descartes Descartes was a French scientist, mathematician, and philosopher Developed analytical geometry – connecting algebra & geometry Descartes emphasized human reasoning as the best road to understanding Like Bacon, Descartes also believed that truth was only found after a long process of studying and investigation “I think, therefore I am”

28. Pioneered the use of scientific method in chemistry “Father of Chemistry ” In the 1600s Robert Boyle distinguished between individual elements and chemical compounds Boyle also explained the effect of temperature and pressure on gases Robert Boyle

29. Dissected human corpses to gain a better understanding of the human anatomy In 1543 Andreas Vesalius published The Structure of the Human Body –first accurate and detailed book on human anatomy Andreas Vesalius

30. Medieval human anatomy drawing before Vesalius Drawings done by Vesalius

31. William Harvey An English scholar who described the circulation of blood for the first time He showed how the heart served as a pump to force blood through veins and arteries

32. Anton van Leeuwenhoek “Father of Microbiology ” Dutch inventor and scientist Perfected the microscope Became the first human to see cells and microorganisms Disproved spontaneous generation  discovered all living things come from living things