1. Chapter 20 Health Care Key Terms

2. Medicare Begun in 1965 under the administration of President Lyndon B. Johnson, provides medical care in the form of medical insurance covering hospital costs for all individuals who are age sixty-five or older. Medicaid A governmental program that provides medical care in the form of health insurance for people of any age who are poor, on welfare, or disabled.

3. Sick role A pattern of expectations that society applies to one who is ill. Anorexia nervosa An eating disorder characterized by compulsive dieting.

4. Bulimia An eating disorder characterized by alternating between binge eating and then purging (induced vomiting) to avoid gaining weight. Anabolic steroids Powerful hormones that stimulate the growth of muscle.

5. Epidemiology The study of all the factors— biological, social, economic, and cultural—associated with disease in society. Social epidemiology The study of the effects of social, cultural, temporal, and regional factors in disease and health.

6. The Tuskegee Syphilis Study Conducted at the Tuskegee Institute in Macon County, Alabama, a historically Black college. Begun by the U.S. Health Service in 1932 as a study of “untreated syphilis in the male negro”. A sample of about 600 African American males, 400 of whom were affected with syphilis, were chosen for study, the remaining men used as an uninfected control group.

7. Stigma Occurs when an individual is socially devalued because of some malady, illness, misfortune, or similar attribute. Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) A persistent, flulike illness that can plague its sufferer for years. Victims suffer from extreme fatigue, forgetfulness, sore throat, fever, and other symptoms.

8. Health maintenance organizations (HMOs) Private clinical care organizations that provide medical services in exchange for a set membership fee and hence have direct responsibility and control over the costs incurred. Defensive medicine Entails ordering excessively thorough tests, X-rays, and so on at the least indication that something might be amiss, and partly to ensure that nothing is missed and partly to document that the highest possible level of care was given.

9. Holistic medicine Emphasizes the person’s entire mental and physical state, plus the integration of the two, as well as emphasizing the person’s physical and social environment. Euthanasia The act of killing a severely ill person as an act of mercy.

10. Negative euthanasia Involves withholding treatment (“pulling the plug”) with the knowledge that doing so will produce the death of the patient, as in the case a living will. Positive or “active” euthanasia Involves killing the severely ill person who would otherwise live, as an act of mercy.