1. Diodes 1

2. Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith2 Figure 3.1 The ideal diode: (a) diode circuit symbol; (b) i– v characteristic; (c) equivalent circuit in the reverse direction; (d) equivalent circuit in the forward direction.

3. Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith3 Figure 3.2 The two modes of operation of ideal diodes and the use of an external circuit to limit the forward current (a) and the reverse voltage (b).

4. Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith4 Figure 3.3 (a) Rectifier circuit. (b) Input waveform. (c) Equivalent circuit when v I  0. (d) Equivalent circuit when v I  0. (e) Output waveform.

5. Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith5 Figure E3.1

6. Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith6 Figure E3.2

7. Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith7 Figure 3.4 Circuit and waveforms for Example 3.1. EXAMPLE 3.1

8. Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith8 Figure 3.5 Diode logic gates: (a) OR gate; (b) AND gate (in a positive-logic system).

9. Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith9 Figure 3.6 Circuits for Example 3.2. EXAMPLE 3.2

10. Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith10

11. Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith11 Figure E3.4

12. Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith12 Figure E3.5

13. Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith13 Figure 3.7 The i– v characteristic of a silicon junction diode.

14. Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith14 Figure 3.8 The diode i– v relationship with some scales expanded and others compressed in order to reveal details.

15. Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith15

16. Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith16 EXAMPLE 3.3 1 mA at 0.7 V Find I s for n=1 and 2

17. Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith17 Figure 3.9 Illustrating the temperature dependence of the diode forward characteristic. At a constant current, the voltage drop decreases by approximately 2 mV for every 1  C increase in temperature. Forward bias Temperature Coefficient

18. Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith18 Reverse bias I s doubles for every 10ºC temperature rise

19. Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith19 Figure E3.9 At 20ºC, V=1 V V? at 40ºC and 0ºC

20. Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith20 Figure 3.10 A simple circuit used to illustrate the analysis of circuits in which the diode is forward conducting.

21. Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith21 Figure 3.11 Graphical analysis of the circuit in Fig. 3.10 using the exponential diode model.

22. Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith22 EXAMPLE 3.4 V DD = 5 R=1 k  Diode 1 mA at 0.7 V V 2 -V 1 = 0.1 V for I 2 /I 1 =10

23. Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith23 Figure 3.12 Approximating the diode forward characteristic with two straight lines: the piecewise-linear model.

24. Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith24 Figure 3.13 Piecewise-linear model of the diode forward characteristic and its equivalent circuit representation.

25. Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith25 Figure 3.14 The circuit of Fig. 3.10 with the diode replaced with its piecewise-linear model of Fig. 3.13. EXAMPLE 3.5 V D0 = 0.65 V r D = 20 

26. Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith26 Figure 3.15 Development of the constant-voltage-drop model of the diode forward characteristics. A vertical straight line (B) is used to approximate the fast-rising exponential. Observe that this simple model predicts V D to within  0.1 V over the current range of 0.1 mA to 10 mA.

27. Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith27 Figure 3.16 The constant-voltage-drop model of the diode forward characteristics and its equivalent-circuit representation.

28. Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith28 Ideal Diode Model

29. Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith29 Figure E3.12 Find R for V out =2.4 V Diode  V=0.1 V for 1 decade current change 0.7 V at 1 mA

30. Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith30 Figure 3.17 Development of the diode small-signal model. Note that the numerical values shown are for a diode with n = 2. Small Signal Model

31. Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith31

32. Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith32

33. Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith33 Figure 3.18 (a) Circuit for Example 3.6. (b) Circuit for calculating the dc operating point. (c) Small-signal equivalent circuit. EXAMPLE 3.6 V + = 10 V + sin (120  t) V R = 10 k  Diode: 1 mA at 0.7 V and n=2

34. Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith34

35. Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith35 Figure 3.19 Circuit for Example 3.7. EXAMPLE 3.7

36. Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith36 Figure E3.16

37. Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith37

38. Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith38

39. Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith39 Figure 3.20 Circuit symbol for a zener diode.

40. Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith40 Figure 3.21 The diode i– v characteristic with the breakdown region shown in some detail.

41. Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith41 Figure 3.22 Model for the zener diode.

42. Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith42 Figure 3.23 (a) Circuit for Example 3.8. (b) The circuit with the zener diode replaced with its equivalent circuit model. EXAMPLE 3.8 V z =6.8 V at I z = 5 mA, r z =20  I ZK =0.2 mA V o ? V o with V + changing  1V V o with I L =1 mA (a)V o with R L

43. Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith43

44. Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith44

45. Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith45 Figure 3.24 Block diagram of a dc power supply.

46. Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith46

47. Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith47 Figure 3.25 (a) Half-wave rectifier. (b) Equivalent circuit of the half-wave rectifier with the diode replaced with its battery-plus-resistance model. (c) Transfer characteristic of the rectifier circuit. (d) Input and output waveforms, assuming that r D ! R.

48. Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith48

49. Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith49

50. Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith50 Figure 3.26 Full-wave rectifier utilizing a transformer with a center-tapped secondary winding: (a) circuit; (b) transfer characteristic assuming a constant-voltage-drop model for the diodes; (c) input and output waveforms.

51. Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith51 Figure 3.27 The bridge rectifier: (a) circuit; (b) input and output waveforms.

52. Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith52

53. Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith53 Figure 3.28 (a) A simple circuit used to illustrate the effect of a filter capacitor. (b) Input and output waveforms assuming an ideal diode. Note that the circuit provides a dc voltage equal to the peak of the input sine wave. The circuit is therefore known as a peak rectifier or a peak detector.

54. Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith54 Figure 3.29 Voltage and current waveforms in the peak rectifier circuit with CR @ T. The diode is assumed ideal.

55. Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith55

56. Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith56

57. Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith57 EXAMPLE 3.9

58. Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith58 Figure 3.30 Waveforms in the full-wave peak rectifier.

59. Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith59 Figure 3.31 The “superdiode” precision half-wave rectifier and its almost-ideal transfer characteristic. Note that when v I > 0 and the diode conducts, the op amp supplies the load current, and the source is conveniently buffered, an added advantage. Not shown are the op-amp power supplies.

60. Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith60 Figure 3.32 General transfer characteristic for a limiter circuit. Limiter = Clipper Double Limiter Cf. Single Limiter Hard limiter Cf. Soft Limiter

61. Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith61 Figure 3.33 Applying a sine wave to a limiter can result in clipping off its two peaks.

62. Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith62 Figure 3.34 Soft limiting.

63. Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith63 Figure 3.35 A variety of basic limiting circuits.

64. Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith64 Figure E3.27

65. Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith65 Figure 3.36 The clamped capacitor or dc restorer with a square-wave input and no load.

66. Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith66 Figure 3.37 The clamped capacitor with a load resistance R.

67. Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith67 Figure 3.38 Voltage doubler: (a) circuit; (b) waveform of the voltage across D 1.

68. Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith68 Figure 3.39 Simplified physical structure of the junction diode. (Actual geometries are given in Appendix A.)

69. Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith69 Figure 3.40 Two-dimensional representation of the silicon crystal. The circles represent the inner core of silicon atoms, with +4 indicating its positive charge of +4q, which is neutralized by the charge of the four valence electrons. Observe how the covalent bonds are formed by sharing of the valence electrons. At 0 K, all bonds are intact and no free electrons are available for current conduction.

70. Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith70 Figure 3.41 At room temperature, some of the covalent bonds are broken by thermal ionization. Each broken bond gives rise to a free electron and a hole, both of which become available for current conduction.

71. Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith71

72. Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith72 Figure 3.42 A bar of intrinsic silicon (a) in which the hole concentration profile shown in (b) has been created along the x-axis by some unspecified mechanism.

73. Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith73

74. Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith74 Figure 3.43 A silicon crystal doped by a pentavalent element. Each dopant atom donates a free electron and is thus called a donor. The doped semiconductor becomes n type.

75. Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith75

76. Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith76 Figure 3.44 A silicon crystal doped with a trivalent impurity. Each dopant atom gives rise to a hole, and the semiconductor becomes p type.

77. Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith77

78. Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith78 Figure 3.45 (a) The pn junction with no applied voltage (open-circuited terminals). (b) The potential distribution along an axis perpendicular to the junction.

79. Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith79

80. Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith80 Figure 3.46 The pn junction excited by a constant-current source I in the reverse direction. To avoid breakdown, I is kept smaller than I S. Note that the depletion layer widens and the barrier voltage increases by V R volts, which appears between the terminals as a reverse voltage.

81. Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith81 Figure 3.47 The charge stored on either side of the depletion layer as a function of the reverse voltage V R.

82. Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith82

83. Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith83

84. Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith84 Figure 3.48 The pn junction excited by a reverse-current source I, where I > I S. The junction breaks down, and a voltage V Z, with the polarity indicated, develops across the junction.

85. Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith85 Figure 3.49 The pn junction excited by a constant-current source supplying a current I in the forward direction. The depletion layer narrows and the barrier voltage decreases by V volts, which appears as an external voltage in the forward direction.

86. Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith86 Figure 3.50 Minority-carrier distribution in a forward-biased pn junction. It is assumed that the p region is more heavily doped than the n region; N A @ N D.

87. Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith87

88. Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith88

89. Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith89

90. Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith90

91. Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith91

92. Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith92

93. Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith93 Figure 3.51 The SPICE diode model.

94. Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith94

95. Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith95 Figure 3.52 Equivalent-circuit model used to simulate the zener diode in SPICE. Diode D 1 is ideal and can be approximated in SPICE by using a very small value for n (say n = 0.01).

96. Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith96 Figure 3.53 Capture schematic of the 5-V dc power supply in Example 3.10.

97. Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith97

98. Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith98 Figure 3.54 The voltage v C across the smoothing capacitor C and the voltage v O across the load resistor R load = 200  in the 5-V power supply of Example 3.10.

99. Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith99 Figure 3.55 The output-voltage waveform from the 5-V power supply (in Example 3.10) for various load resistances: R load = 500 , 250 , 200 , and 150 . The voltage regulation is lost at a load resistance of 150 .

100. Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith100 Figure E3.35 (a) Capture schematic of the voltage-doubler circuit (in Exercise 3.35).

101. Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith101 Figure E3.35 (Continued) (b) Various voltage waveforms in the voltage-doubler circuit. The top graph displays the input sine-wave voltage signal, the middle graph displays the voltage across diode D 1, and the bottom graph displays the voltage that appears at the output.

102. Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith102 Figure P3.2

103. Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith103 Figure P3.3

104. Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith104 Figure P3.4 (Continued)

105. Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith105 Figure P3.4 (Continued)

106. Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith106 Figure P3.5

107. Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith107 Figure P3.6

108. Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith108 Figure P3.9

109. Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith109 Figure P3.10

110. Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith110 Figure P3.16

111. Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith111 Figure P3.23

112. Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith112 Figure P3.25

113. Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith113 Figure P3.26

114. Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith114 Figure P3.28

115. Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith115 Figure P3.54

116. Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith116 Figure P3.56

117. Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith117 Figure P3.57

118. Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith118 Figure P3.58

119. Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith119 Figure P3.59

120. Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith120 Figure P3.63

121. Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith121 Figure P3.82

122. Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith122 Figure P3.91

123. Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith123 Figure P3.92

124. Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith124 Figure P3.93

125. Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith125 Figure P3.97

126. Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith126 Figure P3.98

127. Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith127 Figure P3.102

128. Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith128 Figure P3.103

129. Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith129 Figure P3.105

130. Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith130 Figure P3.108